An Investigation into the Current Practice of Tooth Whitening in a Southern English City in the Context of Associated Legal Issues

2010 ◽  
Vol os17 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Heather A Beckett
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Tooth Whitening ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Beauty Salons ◽  
The Law

Aims This investigation examined the current practice of tooth whitening carried out by a sample of dentists and beauty therapists from Portsmouth in the context of the relevant law. Methods A random sample of dentists and all beauty salons in Portsmouth were invited to respond to two postal questionnaires, one for dentists and one for beauty salons. These questionnaires were used to assess whether tooth-whitening services were offered and if so, details of products and techniques employed. The findings were analysed and compared with the current United Kingdom law on tooth whitening. Results One hundred and seventy-nine dentists (88%) and 76 (75%) beauty salons responded. One hundred and nineteen (66%) of the responding dentists and eight (11%) responding beauty salons provided in-house and/or take-home tooth-whitening services. The vast majority employed whitening agents containing or releasing hydrogen peroxide at a concentration greater than that permitted by the Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations 2008. Conclusions The current practice of tooth whitening by the dentists and beauty salons surveyed in this study is at odds with the criminal law that has been developed in order to safeguard consumers in relation to the products employed and the individuals carrying out the practice of dentistry. The practice also raises civil law issues, and compensation may be necessary in the event of injury. A change in the law, based on a scientific background and professional standards of care, is required at both European and domestic levels in order to align reasonable practice with the law, while upholding patient safety.

Personalized Legal Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Omri Ben-Shahar ◽  
Ariel Porat
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

This chapter illustrates personalized law “in action” by examining it in three areas of the law: standards of care under the common law tort doctrine of negligence, mandated consumer protections in contract law, and criminal sanctions. In each area, the chapter examines personalization of commands along several dimensions. In tort law, standards of care could vary according to each injurer’s riskiness and skill, to reduce the costs of accidents. In contract law, mandatory protections could vary according to the value they provide each consumer and differential cost they impose on firms, to allocate protections where, and only where, they are justified. And in criminal law, sanctions would be set based on what it takes to deter criminals, accounting for how perpetrators differ in their motives and likelihood of being apprehended, with the potential to reduce unnecessary harsh penalties.

scholarly journals Legal Protection on Notary Who Made a Suspect in His Duty

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Ine Rizka Ariyani ◽  
Gunarto Gunarto ◽  
Sri Endah Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
It Organization ◽  
The Law

Provisions concerning Notary regulated in Act No. 2 of 2014 on the Amendment of Act No. 30 of 2004 concerning Notary (hereinafter referred UUJN).[1] In Article 16 paragraph (1) letter (e) states that a Notary UUJN must preserve the confidentiality of all information obtained for a deed in accordance with their oath of office. In facing legal issues, Notary need an organization that can accommodate the aspirations and the problems it faces, so precisely that the Indonesian Notary Association (INI) into an organization that has continuity in carrying out the supervision, guidance and legal protection for a notary.The research objective is to analyze the legal protection of a notary is used as a suspect in the running of their office, to analyze problems and solutions of legal protection against notaries who serve as a suspect in carrying out his duties.The method used in this research is juridical empirical method is a method of legal research that attempts to view the law in terms of real or can be said to see, examine how the workings of the legal community.The results of this study finally provides an answer that before a notary dragged to criminal law to the case of giving false testimony, the investigator must know what the principal case of the case. Due to lack of caution can make  Notary as a suspect. Notaries in carrying out its duties merely formal and only constantire wishes of the parties and then poured into deed. Because there is one of the aggrieved party in the matter and notary asked by investigators to show the deed and is of public interest and obtain permission from MKN, then Article 16 (1) f and Article 54 UUJN about keeping positions can be ruled out because there are interests higher should notary testified that noataris released from his oath of office according to the rules applicable legislation. MKN legal protection given to the Notary ie if it will initiate an investigation or calling to the Notary must ask permission first terelebih to MKN, must coordinate with the IT organization or the competent senior Notary.Keywords: Legal Protection; Suspect; Notary. 

Criminal Justice under Shari'ah in the 21st Century—An Inter-Cultural View

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hedayati-Kakhki ◽  
Michael Bohlander
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law

AbstractThis paper tries to analyse some of the basic issues arising in the conversation between legal systems based on Shari'ah and those based on secular traditions, as well as the efforts of the law-makers in the former to adapt to changed expectations in modern society. The argument focuses on the area of criminal law and highlights concepts such as hudud crimes, apostasy and al-diyah. The authors advocate an increased dialogue and ultimately the creation of a Centre of Global Ijmā' as a forum in which Islamic and other legal scholars could meet to discuss their respective approaches to legal issues of global interest in order to avoid unnecessary ideological clashes and to provide a base for global policymakers to draw upon in their decision-making process.

Castigation and the Punjab Sentencing Act, 2019 --An Overview of Criminal Law and Convictions in Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahad Anwar ◽  
Mehran Idris Khan ◽  
Hafiz Omer Abdullah ◽  
Fatima Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
The Law

Castigation is the infliction of severe moral or corporal punishments. There are different theories regarding castigations are given to tackle the crime and criminal minds and to make society peaceful. Even the Islamic theory of punishment derives from the Holy Quran and Hadith. Overall, the Holy Quran has about 200 verses dealing with legal issues. For every wrong, there is a remedy provided in law. Castigations are the remedies provided by the lawmakers to redress the grievances of victims of offences as prescribed by the law of the state. Pakistan being a developing country slowly enlightens its society with various redresses and punishments to nip the evil in the bud and for this legislature is introducing new laws now and then. The study adopts qualitative means to examine Pakistan's province of Punjab's criminal law on castigation and provides insightful understanding for the readers

scholarly journals Causing controversy: interpreting the requirements of causation in criminal law and tort law

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-444
Author(s):  
Gemma Turton ◽  
Sally Kyd
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Road Traffic Collision ◽  
Traffic Collision ◽  
The Law

The occurrence of a fatal road traffic collision may raise a number of legal issues and result in litigation both in the civil and criminal courts. The role of the different branches of law is distinct, with the aims of the litigation being quite different, but both require causation to be proved. Such cases are examined in this article as a vehicle for discussing how the principles of causation play out in each branch of law. It will be seen that the particular aims of the law dictate how doctrines of causation are applied, with particular problems caused by the legislature’s creation of strict liability offences. To resolve these problems, we propose that the criminal law borrow from negligence in adopting a test akin to the ‘harm within the risk’ test, adapting it to the role of the criminal law by formulating a ‘harm within the wrong’ requirement for causation.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF POSITIVISM PHILOSOPHY ON CRIMINAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Ali Kusumo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
The Law ◽  
Sense Of Justice

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>            Criminal law enforcement in Indonesia may lack of the justice sense and furthermore highlight the rule of law, this is due to the influence of the philosophy of positivism developed in Europe mainland which has liberal-individualist ideology. This ideology wants everything to be rational and certainty, including legal issues must be no certainty. The purpose of this matter is to protect the rights of individuals. While the Indonesian society is a society that does not highlight the rights of individuals, but respects the balance between individual rights and collective rights. Thus, our criminal law enforcement is still sourced from Indonesian Penal Code which is a replica of the Wetboek Van Strafrech (WVS) created by the Dutch colonialists Government will not materialize justice. It is necessary to face these issues with two steps as the following i.e, <em>first one</em>: the law enforcement agencies in using the law needs a more progressive interpretation, therefore a sense of justice can be realized. Second one, it needs to be realized in accordance with the criminal law reform ideology of kinship based on the values of Pancasila as an ideology of the Indonesia. Such measures are expected to materialize justice in the criminal law enforcement of Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Criminal Law, Law Enforcement, Justice.</p>

PERSINGGUNGAN KEWENANGAN MENGADILI PENYALAHGUNAAN DISKRESI ANTARA PENGADILAN TUN DAN PENGADILAN TIPIKOR / INTERCEPTION OF JUSTICE AUTHORITY OF DISCRETION ABUSE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION COURT AND CORRUPTION COURTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Budi Suhariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
State Finance ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Receive

Diskresi sebagai wewenang bebas, keberadaannya rentan akan disalahgunakan. Penyalahgunaan diskresi yang berimplikasi merugikan keuangan negara dapat dituntutkan pertanggungjawabannya secara hukum administrasi maupun hukum pidana. Mengingat selama ini peraturan perundang-undangan tentang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi tidak merumuskan secara rinci yang dimaksudkan unsur menyalahgunakan kewenangan maka para hakim menggunakan konsep penyalahgunaan wewenang dari hukum administrasi. Problema muncul saat diberlakukannya Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 dimana telah memicu persinggungan dalam hal kewenangan mengadili penyalahgunaan wewenang (termasuk diskresi) antara Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dengan Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Pada perkembangannya, persinggungan kewenangan mengadili tersebut ditegaskan oleh Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2015 bahwa PTUN berwenang menerima, memeriksa, dan memutus permohonan penilaian ada atau tidak ada penyalahgunaan wewenang (termasuk diskresi) dalam Keputusan dan/atau Tindakan Pejabat Pemerintahan sebelum adanya proses pidana. Sehubungan tidak dijelaskan tentang definisi dan batasan proses pidana yang dimaksud, maka timbul penafsiran yang berbeda. Perlu diadakan kesepakatan bersama dan dituangkan dalam regulasi tentang tapal batas persinggungan yang jelas tanpa meniadakan kewenangan pengujian penyalahgunaan wewenang diskresi pada Pengadilan TUN.Discretion as free authority is vulnerable to being misused. The abuse of discretion implicating the state finance may be prosecuted by both administrative and criminal law. In view of the fact that the law on corruption eradication does not formulate in detail the intended element of authority abuse, the judges use the concept of authority abuse from administrative law. Problems arise when the enactment of Law No. 30 of 2014 triggered an interception in terms of justice/ adjudicate authority on authority abuse (including discretion) between the Administrative Court and Corruption Court. In its development, the interception of justice authority is affirmed by Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 4 of 2015 that the Administrative Court has the authority to receive, examine and decide upon the appeal there is or there is no misuse of authority in the Decision and / or Action of Government Officials prior to the criminal process. That is, shortly before the commencement of the criminal process then that's when the authority of PTUN decides to judge the misuse of authority over the case. In this context, Perma No. 4 of 2015 has imposed restrictions on the authority of the TUN Court in prosecuting the abuse of discretionary authority.

Law and Protestantism in Denmark

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 406-418
Author(s):  
Ditlev Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Concept Of Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Concept Of Law ◽  
Catholic Bishops

Abstract This contribution deals with the influence of the Reformation on the law in Denmark. The Reformation was basically a reform of the church, but it also affected the concept of law and state in general. In 1536, King Christian III dismissed the catholic bishops and withheld the property of the church. The king, as custos duarum tabularum, guardian of both the tablets of law, also took over the legislation for the church. Especially in subjects of morals and criminal law new principles and statutes were enacted. Copenhagen University was reformed into a protestant seminary even though the former faculties were maintained. For that task Johannes Bugenhagen was summoned who also drafted the new church ordinance of 1537. In marriage law protestant principles were introduced. A marriage order was established in 1582.

KEBIJAKAN KRIMINALISASI DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG DI BIDANG POLITIK

Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1592
Author(s):  
Hanafi Amrani
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Law

AbstrakArtikel ini membahas dua permasalahan pokok: pertama, kriteria yang digunakan oleh pembentuk undang-undang di bidang politik dalam menetapkan suatu perbuatan sebagai perbuatan pidana (kriminalisasi); dan kedua, fungsi sanksi pidana dalam undang-undang di bidang politik. Terkait dengan kriminalisasi, undang-undang di bidang politik yang termasuk ke dalam hukum administrasi, maka pertimbangan dari pembuat undang-undang tentu saja tidak sekedar kriminalisasi sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan hukum pidana dalam arti sebenarnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan adanya pertimbangan-pertimbangan tertentu. Pertama, perbuatan yang dilarang dalam hukum pidana administrasi lebih berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala prohibita, sedangkan dalam ketentuan hukum pidana yang sesungguhnya berorientasi pada perbuatan yang bersifat mala in se. Kedua, sebagai konsekuensi dari adanya penggolongan dua kategori kejahatan tersebut, maka pertimbangan yang dijadikan acuan juga akan berbeda. Untuk yang pertama (mala prohibita), sanksi pidana itu dibutuhkan untuk menjamin ditegakkannya hukum administrasi tersebut. Dalam hal ini sanksi pidana berfungsi sebagai pengendali dan pengontrol tingkah laku individu untuk mencapai suatu keadaan yang diinginkan. Sedangkan untuk yang kedua (mala in se), fungsi hukum pidana dan sanksi pidana lebih berorientasi pada melindungi dan mempertahankan nilai-nilai moral yang tertanam di masyarakat tempat di mana hukum itu diberlakukan atau ditegakkan. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Kriminalisasi, Undang-Undang PolitikThis article discusses two main problems: firstly, the criteria used by the legislators in the field of politics in determining an act as a criminal act (criminalization); secondly, the function of criminal sanctions in legislation in the field of politics. Associated with criminalization, legislation in the field of politics that is included in administrative law, the consideration of the legislators of course not just criminalization as stipulated in the provisions of criminal law in the true sense. This is due to certain considerations. Firstly, the act which is forbidden in the administration of criminal law is more oriented to act is malum prohibitum offences, whereas in actual criminal law provisions in the act are mala in se offences. Secondly, as a consequence of the existence of two categories of classification of the crime, then consideration will also vary as a reference. For the first (mala prohibita), criminal sanctions are needed to ensure the enforcement of the administrative law. In this case the criminal sanction serves as controller and controlling the behavior of individuals to achieve a desired state. As for the second (mala in se), the function of criminal law and criminal sanctions is more oriented to protect and maintain the moral values that are embedded in a society where the law was enacted or enforced.

ANALISIS HUKUM PIDANA DENDA PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS DI KOTA BENGKULU (DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Apen Diansyah
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Law ◽  
The City

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui penerapan denda terhadap pelanggar berlalu lintas di kota Bengkulu ditinjau dari Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009, serta untuk mengetahui faktor penghambat dalam penerapan pidana denda terhadap pelanggar barlalu lintas di Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian dilaksanakan disatuan lalu lintas Polres dan Polda Kota Bengkulu. Adapun data yang didapatkan adalah data primer dan data sekunder melalui penelitian lapangan dan penelitian kepustakaan, kemudian data dianalisis dengan cara deskriptif. Peraturan yang tertera pada undang-undang yang tertera sepenuhnya untuk meningkatkan kesadaran untuk setiap pelanggar yang melakukan pelanggaran, tetapi pada kota Bengkulu undang-undang tersebut tidak sepenuhnya berjalan efektif. Menurut pandangan Undang-undang 22 Tahun 2009, penerapan pidana denda masuk dalam kategori pidana pokok (sesuai Pasal 10 KUHP) sebagai urutan terakhir atau keempat, sesudah pidana mati, pidana penjara dan pidana kurungan. Selain dari itu, faktor penghambat keefektifan Undang-undang seperti faktor ekonomi, faktor kedekatan emosional dan faktor kekebalan institusional.Kata kunci: tindak pidana; hukum pidana; dendaABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the application of violators from cities in Bengkulu in terms of Law Number 22 of 2009, and to find out the inhibiting factors in the application of fines to traffic violators in the city of Bengkulu. The research was carried out in the traffic city of the City Police of the City of Bengkulu. The data obtained are primary data and secondary data used for library research and research, then the data are analyzed descriptively. The regulations stated in the law that are fully stated to increase awareness for every offender who commits an offense, but in the city of Bengkulu the law is not fully effective. According to the view of Law 22 of 2009, the application of criminal fines falls into the main criminal category (according to Article 10 of the Criminal Code) as the last or fourth order, after the death penalty, imprisonment and imprisonment. Apart from that, factors inhibiting the effectiveness of the law such as economic factors, emotional proximity factors and institutional immune factors.Keywords: crime; criminal law; fines

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