scholarly journals The Sources on the Development of Winemaking in the Caucasus in the Middle of the XIX century

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Caucasus ◽  
Xix Century

On the History of the Anglo-Russian Confrontation in the Western Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Zalina V. Sosranova ◽  
Zalina M. Basieva
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
European Continent ◽  
North West ◽  
The Western Caucasus ◽  
Xix Century

The article examines the scale and methods of the anti-Russian military-political activity of British emissaries in the Western Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in the work the intelligence activity of British “traveling” agents in the Western Caucasus is subjected to a special study, as an independent, gaining strength way of fighting in international contradictions for the Caucasus. The relevance of the topic of the proposed article seems to us indisputable due to the incompleteness of international rivalry and the eternal Eastern question. Russian Empire in the late 20s — early 30s XIX century. took possession of all legal rights to the North-West Caucasus and outlets to the Black Sea. With its confident military successes and new territorial accessions, Russia threw a serious challenge to the European powers, and especially England, the dominant power on the European continent at that time. One of the most important tasks of England is to nullify all the achievements of Russia in Turkey and prevent its consolidation in the territory of the Western Caucasus. England, adhering to the favorite method of “raking in the heat with someone else’s hands”, and in Circassia is testing its effectiveness. Since the 30s. XIX century. Numerous British agents flooded the Caucasus, turning the Circassians against Russia. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus has become a place of uninterrupted supply of weapons to the mountaineers. As a result of the work, the author comes to the conclusion that the sources considered in the work can represent a scientific basis for confirming the involvement of Britain in anti-Russian agitation in the Western Caucasus. The uninterrupted supply of weapons to the highlanders organized by British agents helped to maintain military tension and a fighting spirit in Circassia.

Liberation from the occupation of the territories of the Karabakh region of the Republic of Azerbaijan is an honorable period of our history

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilara Hajiyeva
Keyword(s):  
The Caucasus ◽  
Territorial Claims ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Xix Century

The Armenian emigrated to the Caucasus in XIX century always made unreasonable territorial claims and provoked conflicts in the region. Investigations based on the facts and arguments make it possible to determine specific features of some problems and processes and understand the essence. Unreasonable territory claims by Armenia caused the loss of 20% of Azerbaijan territory and the war with Azerbaijan in 90`s of last century. Azerbaijan army freed its territory occupated by Armenia despite of Armenian`s new territory claims and millitary retreats.

scholarly journals Ioannites - the course of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation of Orthodox origin

2006 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Liudmyla M. Shuhayeva
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Kingdom Of Christ ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

In the first decades of the XIX century. the territory of the Russian Empire from Western Europe is beginning to penetrate chiliastic ideas. The term "chiliism" refers to the well-known doctrine of the millennial kingdom of Icyca Christ on earth, dating to the first centuries of Christianity. The ideas of chilias became especially popular during the reign of Alexander I, who himself was sympathetic to the mystical-chiliatic teachings. Chilias in the Russian Empire spread in two ways. On the one hand, chiliastic ideas penetrated with the works of German mystics of the late eighteenth - early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, in anticipation of the fast approaching of the millennial kingdom of Christ, the German cultists of the Hiliists moved large parties across southern Russia to the Caucasus, thereby facilitating the spread of their ideas. The religious formations of the Orthodox sectarianism of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation are represented by the Jehovah-Hlinists ("Right Brotherhood"), the Ioannites, and the Malavans.

scholarly journals German Colonists in the Migration Policy of the Russian Autocracy (Analysis of the Laws of the Russian Empire)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-823
Author(s):  
Olga V. Erokhina ◽  
Olga A. Litzenberger
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
German States ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article traces the policy of resettlement of German nationals from German states to the southern outskirts of the Russian empire based on the analysis of legislative material. To analyze the laws of the Russian Empire, the authors use historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. Analysis. Mostly farmers were invited to Russia. They were to contribute to the transfer of improved European agricultural practices to the Russian peasantry. However, the Russian authorities could not predict the possible consequences of inviting foreigners. Therefore, there was no clear mechanism for organizing and regulating this process. Immigrants were offered significant benefits and privileges, so they agreed to move. Over time, the overpopulation of the colonies due to the high birth rate and lack of land contributed to the beginning of migration movements of the Germans in the second quarter of the XIX century in various regions of Russia from the mother colonies. The geography of the colonists began to expand as new laws were passed that eventually regulated their way of life. They created new colonies in the image of their mothers in the Caucasus and the Don, Siberia and Central Asia. The loss of benefits and privileges led not only to an increase in migration processes among them, but also forced them to emigrate to America and even return to Germany.

Recreational Opportunities in Tsarist Russia. Opinion by N.F. Vysotsky: Non-Bacterial Studies of the Kazan Bacteriologist

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 818
Author(s):  
Maxim V. TRUSHIN
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Spa Treatment ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

At the end of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, the resort business began to develop actively, especially in the Caucasus. This article is devoted to the contribution of the Kazan doctor and bacteriologist Professor Nikolai Fyodorovich Vysotsky to the formation of a new branch of medicine – sanatorium business. The article discusses N.F. Vysotsky's reports on the Caucasian mineral waters and the congress of balneologists. It is shown that N.F. Vysotsky was an outstanding specialist not only in the field of surgery, bacteriology, but also in spa treatment.

scholarly journals Foreign doctors in the Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Kartashev ◽  
Alexey Alekseevich Anikeev
Keyword(s):  
The Caucasus ◽  
Foreign Doctors ◽  
Xix Century

scholarly journals Bey-Bulat Taymiev as an outstanding military and political figure of Chechnya in the first quarter of the XIX century

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Rustam Аlhazurovich Tovsultanov ◽  
Lilia Nadipovna Galimova
Keyword(s):  
Effective Control ◽  
The Political ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Political Figure

This paper analyzes the political and military situation prevailing in Chechnya at the end of XVIII - the first quarter of the XIX century. The authors note that the crisis of the military-political situation in Chechnya occurred after a number of regions and countries of the Caucasus joined Russia in the early XIX century. The establishment of effective control over the unconquered mountain people converted from a purely border problem into a strategic task for the tsarism. This task was given to General A.P. Yermolov who paid all his attention to the left wing (which included Chechnya) of the Caucasian line and Chechnya became a priority of his policy. A.P. Yermolov immediately began to carry out a rigid policy towards the mountaineers, the aim of frequent punitive expeditions was to intimidate the Chechens. A.P. Yermolovs policy gradually led to the consolidation of different Chechen communities, primarily divided into clans and tribes. This rigid policy of the Caucasian Chechen governor in 1825 raised uprising. Bay-Bulat Taymiev headed this movement. In this connection the paper also explores the uprising of Bay-Bulat Taymiev in 1825-1826, the causes and nature of the movement of mountaineers, analyzes the causes of the defeat and the result of the uprising. The authors assess the role and significance of Bay-Bulat Taymiev in the history of Chechnya.

scholarly journals LEADERSHIP AMONG CAUCASIAN HIGHLANDERS IN THE XIX CENTURY: THE ABKHAZIAN VARIANT .

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.С. ПИГАРЬ ◽  
S.S. PIGAR
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Political System ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Xix Century

Возрождение в настоящее время различных элементов традиционной политической культуры кавказских горцев заставляет обратиться к эпохе, когда эта культура суще- ствовала в ее оригинальном состоянии — до и в процессе вхождения Кавказа в Россию в XIX в. Одним из важнейших ее аспектов является лидерство, ярко проявлявшееся в аб- хазском обществе. У кавказских горцев персональный авторитет являлся сочетанием репутации и связей и определял успех и влияние личности. Титул, сословная принадлеж- ность, богатство являлись подчиненными факторами, соответственно, политическая иерархия не совпадала с социальной. Персональные качества и репутация лидера лежали в основе его власти. Власть как таковая воспринималась горцами как одно из свойств лич- ности. Власть лидера основывалась на численности его добровольных приверженцев, ко- торые поддерживали отношения взаимовыгодного сотрудничества со своим лидером. По- скольку личность лидера была неотделима от сообщества его последователей, лидерство было, скорее, феноменом не личностным, а корпоративным. В основе абхазской культуры лежало стремление не подавить социальную активность людей, а регулировать ее таким образом, чтобы рост влияния лидера, его богатства и известности могли бы рассматри- ваться как достижения его группы. Более того, команда лидера не только поддерживала его, но и существенно ограничивала его амбиции. Традиции самоуправления в горском об- ществе не допускали политических лидеров к участию в экономической и духовной жизни общества. Эти функции выполняли лидеры особого типа — старейшины, которые были ведущей силой в неполитических областях общественной жизни. Они являлись посредни- ками между субъектами и объектами политических отношений, исполняя роль сторонне- го наблюдателя, дающего морально-правовую оценку происходящим событиям Renaissance of various elements of Caucasian highlanders’ authentic political culture at present necessitates the revision of the time when this culture functioned in its original state — before and during the integration of the Caucasus into Russia in the XIX century. One of the important aspects of that was leadership, vividly exemplified by the Abkhazian society. Personal authority among Caucasian highlanders resulted from the combination of reputation and connections, and defined the success and influence of a person. Titles, estates, and wealth were subordinate factors; therefore, the political hierarchy did not match the social one. Personal qualities and reputation of a leader were the basis of his power. For the highlanders power itself was an element of personality. The leader’s power was based on the number of his voluntary followers, which forced people to maintain mutually beneficial cooperation with the leader. As the leader’s personality was an integral part of his followers’ society, the leadership among the highlanders was rather a corporate phenomenon than a personal one. The goal of the Abkhazian culture and society was not to suppress people’s social activity, but to regulate it so that the growth of the leader’s influence, wealth, and fame would be considered as an achievement of his group. Moreover, the leader’s team did not only support him, but also significantly limited his ambitions. Highlanders’ self-government traditions prevented political leaders from participating in the economic and spiritual spheres. There was a special type of leaders in the Caucasus — the elders, which were the dominant force in the non-political aspects of the society’s life. The elders were a medium between subjects and objects of political system. They served as outside observers responsible for the moral appraisal and legal evaluation of all current events.

scholarly journals JUDICIAL REFORM IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND DAGESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF M. M. KOVALEVSKY

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Z.M. Suleymanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Customary Law ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
The North ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Professional Opinion ◽  
Xix Century

The author of the famous two-volume book “Law and Custom in the Caucasus” MM Kovalevsky focused on the judicial life of the mountaineers of the North-Eastern Caucasus. Being several times in a scientific expedition to the Caucasus, the scientist collected a great deal of customary law, including monuments of the rights of the peoples of Dagestan. In addition, he himself described adats, for example “Bezhit's adats” and gave an excellent scientific analysis of the “Decisions of Rustem-Khan and Utsmia Kaytag” under the original name “Dagestan people's truth”. His professional opinion is also interesting because he is in control of the situation in the judicial sphere, not only in Russia, but also in a number of Western European countries. The article focuses specifically on assessing the state of the judicial system in different regions of the North Caucasus and Dagestan.

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