Background

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Robert McLean
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Embryo Stage

This chapter opens with the major heading ‘Introduction’, and explores how since the turn of the century there has been a drastic increase in the perception that US style street gangs are now being found on UK soil. These gangs consist of individuals who are organising themselves into gang or gang-like structures/networks to conduct gang business: which are often linked to illegal drug supply. The chapter then draws attention to the fact that while there has been a scurry of activity south of the border in England where gang researchers to explore whether or not UK gangs are really now beginning to resemble their US counterparts, in Scotland this has not been the case as gang research has stagnate: focusing only upon the gang in its embryo stage of development. The chapter then moves to setting the research background with the major heading ‘Glasgow: The Backdrop’ before introducing the reader to the research sample.

Pro-embryos of Lupinus spp. produced from isolated microspore culture

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bayliss ◽  
J. M. Wroth ◽  
W. A. Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Microspore Culture ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Sucrose Starvation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Pasture Plants

Several species of lupin (Lupinus spp.) are grown in Australia as crop and pasture plants. Lupin breeding, and legume breeding in general, is constrained by the inability to produce doubled haploid (DH) plants, which would accelerate the selection and release of new varieties. This technology is still in the developmental phase for legumes, although other major grain crops such as wheat, barley, and canola successfully use DHs on a commercial scale. A new, reproducible method of microspore culture that leads to cell division and pro-embryos in lupin is reported here. Microspores at the late uninucleate stage of development are mechanically isolated from lupin buds and embryogenesis induced by a combined heat shock and sucrose starvation stress treatment. Addition of further components to the growth medium promotes division of up to 50% of microspores to ≥16 cells within 24 h. Further development of these multicellular structures or pro-embryos appears to be limited by the rigid outer exine layer, which needs to rupture for continued cell division to the globular embryo stage. Further research is required to break this barrier to development of haploid lupin embryos.

Emergence and Change

County Lines ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 31-60
Author(s):  
Simon Harding
Keyword(s):  
Street Gangs ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Street Gang ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Locations

This chapter discusses why and how county lines drug-supply networks began to emerge in provincial towns across the United Kingdom. It sets out several pre-conditions (variables) which, once ripened, led to the creation of county lines drug-supply networks as they are now known. The chapter also details how street gangs have evolved, leading the social field of the urban street gang into a state of flux. Contributing to this flux are new affiliates with new aspirations to seek out and create competitive advantage by locating and exploiting dormant domestic drug markets in new locations. The chapter then outlines the push–pull factors which make a county line host location attractive. It establishes the Evolutionary Models of CL Networks, creating a typology of different UK county line models increasingly adopting business modes of professionalisation and sophistication.

scholarly journals The Rise of Drug Dealing in the Life of the North American Street Gang

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Robert McLean ◽  
Grace Robinson ◽  
James Densley
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Street Gang ◽  
The North

Historical gang literature traditionally perceived street gangs as boisterous outfits occasionally engaged in delinquency. In recent decades however, street gang behavior has come to be seen ever more as encroaching upon criminality, primarily due to its involvement in drug supply. This article aims to provide a brief historical review as to how the practice of drug supply entered into the life of the street gang, with specific emphasis on The War on Drugs in the 1970s and the rise of the crack cocaine economy in the 1980s.

INFLUENCE OF DATE OF OVIPOSITION ON EGG HATCHING AND EMBRYO SURVIVAL IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Embryological Development ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Stage Embryo ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Late Stage Embryo ◽  
Late Embryo

AbstractEmbryological development and hatching for the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, were studied at 20 °C. In eggs kept at this temperature for > 12 days, embryological development proceeded until a late stage embryo was formed, at which time the embryo entered diapause for the winter. The time required for 50% of the eggs to reach the late embryo stage was estimated to be 11 days. The late embryo stage was not reached before winter in eggs kept at 20 °C for < 11 days, but most of them survived and hatched. Embryogenesis proceeded normally after winter without any apparent adverse effects, and hatching was delayed by the amount of time required to complete embryogenesis. Although it was not essential for the eggs to reach the late embryo stage to overwinter successfully and hatch, a critical minimum stage of development had to be reached during embryogenesis for the eggs to survive. The critical minimum stage of development occurred in the germ band formation stage and was reached during the first 1.5 days of embryogenesis. Most of the eggs laid from 1 to 15 September 1980 and kept outdoors reached the late embryo stage before winter and hatched the next spring; those laid from 15 September to 15 October reached the critical minimum stage of development before winter and also hatched successfully; and those laid after 15 October did not hatch, because they apparently had not reached the critical minimum stage. An evaluation of the data for the eggs kept outdoors and of atmospheric air temperature data suggested that embryo death due to eggs not reaching the critical minimum stage of development before winter normally should not be an important factor in the population dynamics of E. americana in the rapeseed- and canola-growing areas of western Canada. The ecological significance of the data is discussed.

scholarly journals Embryo stage of development is not decisive for reproductive outcomes in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno R de Carvalho ◽  
Marina W Paes Barbosa ◽  
Helena Bonesi ◽  
David B Gomes Sobrinho ◽  
Íris O Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Reproductive Outcomes ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Frozen Thawed Embryo Transfer ◽  
Thawed Embryo Transfer

scholarly journals Identifying Demand Responses to Illegal Drug Supply Interdictions

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1268-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Cunningham ◽  
Keith Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Supply

Gangs and Drug Supply

2019 ◽  
pp. 143-174
Author(s):  
Robert McLean
Keyword(s):  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Book Discussion ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structure And Activity

While chapter 4 sought to explore organisational and structural properties, chapter 5 sought to provide a generic and largely descriptive account of gang activities sin relation to level of gang organisation. Chapter 6 looks to build upon structure and activity by specifically focusing upon one, and the main, type of activity in which gangs are found to operate within. This is illegal drug supply. By doing so chapter 6 adds the relevance of context to the book discussion. The chapter opens by re-examining the supply of illegal drugs into the British Isles, and more specifically the research context (i.e. Scotland). The chapter then proceeds to outline how drug supply works in relation to context and specific level of gang organisation. YSGs are found to mainly be engaged in the social supply of drugs. YCGs are found to be involved anywhere between retail-level and wholesale drug supply. OCGs are found to be involved in importation and high-end wholesaling of drugs in the county. In addition, OCGs are also found to engage in illegal-governance and thus control to varying degrees the activities of lesser gang types within drug markets.

scholarly journals The Unusual Suspects

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Salinas
Keyword(s):  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
Economically Marginalized

This article challenges the mainstream discourse that is often used to conceptualize illegal drug supply. In particular, it questions the assumption that drug dealers and the markets they inhabit are a social aberration, restricted primarily to social outsiders operating in socially and economically marginalized communities. Drawing on 6 years of ethnographic fieldwork with 25 “conventional” working-class “lads,” the article makes two overarching arguments. First, that the illegal drug trade is by no means confined to a subset of violent or marginalized drug distributors. Second, that the organization and structure of drug distribution networks can often be entwined into the fabric of conventional routines. The article concludes that criminological research must move toward better conceptualizing the so-called silent majority of drug dealers if we are to accurately reframe the current reductionist drugs discourse.

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