Cuckooing and Nuanced Dealing Relationships

County Lines ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 179-222
Author(s):  
Simon Harding
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
User Community ◽  
Criminal Exploitation ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Complex Relationships

This chapter evaluates the complex set of inter-personal relationships between the user community and county line operatives, starting with cuckooing and the development of a cuckooing typology. Cuckooing is not new, but for years remained ‘hidden’ within housing or policing reports of ‘crack dens’, largely overlooked or unrecognised as criminal exploitation and downplayed as a ‘type of manipulation’. Essentially, it is a form of criminal exploitation where vulnerable people are conned, coerced, controlled, or intimidated into sharing, providing, or offering up their accommodation to criminals (often drug dealers) who then use it to base their criminal activity (often drug dealing). Methods vary; however, intimidation and violence often underpin this. It is now widely associated with county line networks. The chapter then considers the views of both users and dealers as they offer insights into their often complex relationships and how they feel about county lines.

An Exploration of the Violent Victim Experiences of Female Offenders

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise S. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Female Offenders ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
Female Crime ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Family Abuse ◽  
Early Family

Female offenders are often portrayed as victims of violence, yet few studies have systematically examined such victimization. Violent experiences may both contribute to, and result from, crime - early family abuse may help propel a young woman into crime, and a criminal lifestyle may increase her risk of assault by strangers and intimate partners. Using data from 83 inmates, this study examined violent childhood and adult experiences, and explored possible linkages between victimization and offending. Although many women reported violent experiences, most striking was the high rate of assault by intimate partners. Early physical abuse was associated with earlier entry into crime, and with more diverse criminal activity. Attacks by strangers were more often reported by women who engaged in more frequent and diverse criminal activity. The data suggest that in order to understand female crime, additional research on the complex relationships between offending and victimization is warranted.

Future Morality

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Know How ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Scientific Advances

The world is changing so fast that it is hard to know how to think about what we ought to do. We barely have time to reflect on how scientific advances will affect our lives before they are upon us. New kinds of dilemma are springing up. Can robots be held responsible for their actions? Will artificial intelligence be able to predict criminal activity? Is the future gender-fluid? Should we strive to become post-human? Should we use drugs to improve our intimate relationships — or to reduce crime? Our intuitions about questions like these are often both weak and confused. This book presents provocative and engaging pieces about aspects of life today, and life tomorrow — birth and death, health and medicine, brain and body, personal relationships, wrongdoing and justice, the internet, animals, and the environment.

scholarly journals Working County Lines: Child Criminal Exploitation and Illicit Drug Dealing in Glasgow and Merseyside

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 694-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Robinson ◽  
Robert McLean ◽  
James Densley
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Debt Bondage ◽  
Criminal Exploitation ◽  
Recent Developments

This article explores recent developments within the U.K. drug market: that is, the commuting of gang members from major cities to small rural urban areas for the purpose of enhancing their profit from drug distribution. Such practice has come to be known as working “County Lines.” We present findings drawn from qualitative research with practitioners working to address serious and organized crime and participants involved in street gangs and illicit drug supply in both Glasgow and Merseyside, United Kingdom. We find evidence of Child Criminal Exploitation (CCE) in County Lines activity, often as a result of debt bondage; but also, cases of young people working the lines of their own volition to obtain financial and status rewards. In conclusion, we put forward a series of recommendations which are aimed at informing police strategy, practitioner intervention, and wider governmental policy to effectively address this growing, and highly problematic, phenomenon.

R v Ali [1995] Crim LR 303 (CA) Facts: The appellant was convicted of robbery, having an imitation firearm with intent and possessing an imitation firearm when committing an offence. The appellant robbed a building society of £1,175, in the course of which he threatened cashiers with a gun. At trial he gave evidence that he had gone to Pakistan in 1987 and had become a heroin addict. One of the suppliers to whom he resorted was X, whom he refused to name but whom he knew to be a very violent person. He said the arrangement was that he would sell on the heroin he received from X and hand on the proceeds to him, as well as taking a certain amount for his own use. One day instead of selling on the bulk of the heroin, he used it all for his own purposes. That put him in debt to X, who threatened him and told him on several occasions that he would be shot. The appellant moved house, but X caught up with him, gave him a gun and told him he wanted the money the following day. The appellant was to get it from a bank or building society, otherwise he would be killed. The appellant was scared that X would return for him if he went to the police and so he committed the robbery. X took the money from him. On appeal, it was argued that the judge had not directed the jury correctly on the defence of duress, which was the burden of the appellant’s case. The judge had posed four questions for the jury, the last of which was whether the appellant, in obtaining heroin from X and supplying it to others for gain, after he knew of X’s reputation for violence, voluntarily put himself in a position where he knew that he was likely to be forced by X to commit a crime. It was submitted that it was not sufficient for the appellant knowing of X’s reputation for violence, voluntarily to put himself in a position where he knew he was likely to be forced by X to commit a crime; the judge should have said ‘forced by X to commit armed robbery’. Held, dismissing the appeal, the jury could not have read the words ‘a crime’ as referring back to the drug dealing, as opposed to some crime other than that which was the common currency of the relationship between the appellant and X. The crux of the matter was knowledge in the defendant of either a violent nature to the gang or the enterprise which he had joined, or a violent disposition in the person or persons involved with him in the criminal activity he voluntarily joined. If a defendant voluntarily participated in criminal offences with a man ‘X’, whom he knows to be of a violent disposition and likely to require him to perform other criminal acts, he could not rely on duress if ‘X’ does so. The judge’s summing up had expressed that proposition accurately. He had made it clear that, if there was no reason for a defendant to anticipate violence, then he would be entitled to rely on duress. But if he knew of a propensity for violence in those with whom he was working, then he could hardly rely on duress if they had threatened him with violence to make him do their bidding.

1996 ◽  
pp. 589-589
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Heroin Addict ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Building Society ◽  
Armed Robbery ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Understanding and Responding to Substance Use and Abuse in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Lebanon Prior to and During COVID-19 Times

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Aaraj ◽  
Patricia Haddad ◽  
Sara Khalife ◽  
Mirna Fawaz ◽  
Marie Claire Van Hout
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Syrian Conflict

Abstract Due to its geographical proximity to the Syrian conflict and the occupied territories, Lebanon has experienced an influx of refugees in recent times. Palestinian refugees are an identified key vulnerable population, with displaced communities increasingly experiencing camp insecurity, vulnerability to drug use and related health harms. A qualitative study consisting of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) was undertaken as part of a regional exercise investigating Palestinian community experiences of substance and drug use in refugee camps. Thematic analysis triangulated the perspectives of 11 professional stakeholders representing United Nations, human rights and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and eight Palestinian community members. Emerging themes centered on the interplay between socio-economic instability, lack of law enforcement and camp governance contributing to concerning levels of familial, drug and camp violence, trafficking and availability of drugs. Transactional sex and the exploitation of women and children in drug dealing, diversification toward drug manufacture and dealing of drugs with the outside community were described. There is a lack of harm reduction and rehabilitation supports for those in need. This study highlights the complexities in tackling drug dealing and related criminal activity within refugee camps and humanitarian settings, and the vulnerabilities of those living within to harmful drug use.

Trophoblast Cell Membrane Interactions at Implantation

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 310-311
Author(s):  
A. C. Enders
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Trophoblast Cell ◽  
Membrane Interactions ◽  
Uterine Epithelial Cells ◽  
Functional Complex ◽  
Cytotrophoblast Cells ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Syncytial Trophoblast

The alteration in membrane relationships seen at implantation include 1) interaction between cytotrophoblast cells to form syncytial trophoblast and addition to the syncytium by subsequent fusion of cytotrophoblast cells, 2) formation of a wide variety of functional complex relationships by trophoblast with uterine epithelial cells in the process of invasion of the endometrium, and 3) in the case of the rabbit, fusion of some uterine epithelial cells with the trophoblast.Formation of syncytium is apparently a membrane fusion phenomenon in which rapid confluence of cytoplasm often results in isolation of residual membrane within masses of syncytial trophoblast. Often the last areas of membrane to disappear are those including a desmosome where the cell membranes are apparently held apart from fusion.

Psychisches Befinden, Beschwerden und Belastungen: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Studie

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Schmidt ◽  
Franz Petermann ◽  
Manfred E. Beutel ◽  
Elmar Brähler
Keyword(s):  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Patient Health Questionnaire ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Klinische Praxis ◽  
Psychisches Befinden ◽  
Patient Health

Zusammenfassung. Die Erfassung von Beschwerden und der Befindlichkeit sind wesentlicher Teil eines klinisch-diagnostischen Prozesses. Da Angststörungen und Depressionen in hohem Maße mit verschiedenen psychischen und körperlichen Belastung einhergehen, wurden in dieser Studie primär die prädiktiven Eigenschaften der Beschwerden-Liste (B-LR) und der Befindlichkeits-Skala (Bf-SR) in revidierter Form mittels Regressionsanalysen (linear und hierarchisch) an einer Stichprobe von N = 2504 untersucht. Als abhängiges Kriterium galt die Ausprägung von Angst- und Depressionssymptomen, ermittelt über das Kurzscreening Patient-Health-Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Da vermutet wurde, dass entsprechende Symptome auch einen Einfluss auf die Qualität sozialer Beziehungen des Betroffenen haben und die globale Lebenszufriedenheit beeinflussen, wurden zudem das Quality of Personal Relationships Inventory (QRI) sowie der Fragebogen zur Lebenszufriedenheit (FLZM) eingesetzt. Sowohl B-LR als auch Bf-SR verfügten über alle Altersgruppen und geschlechtsinvariant über hohe prädiktive Eigenschaften. Die Qualität sozialer Beziehung (QRI) eignet sich nicht zur Vorhersage von Angst und Depressionen. Globale Lebenszufriedenheit nimmt in der Altersgruppe 14–74 gegenläufig zum Anstieg von Angst- und Depressionssymptomen signifikant ab, in der Altersgruppe der ⩾ 75-jährigen Männern leistet diese jedoch keinen signifikanten Beitrag zur Varianzaufklärung. Bei den Frauen dieser Altersgruppe geht eine Erhöhung der Lebenszufriedenheit mit der Zunahme von Angst- und Depressionssymptomen einher. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass der Einsatz von B-LR und Bf-SR eine gute Informations- und Handlungsbasis für Forschung und klinische Praxis darstellen. Die unterschiedlichen Tendenzen innerhalb der Analysen zwischen Männern und Frauen weisen auf geschlechtsspezifische Verarbeitungsmechanismen hin. In höherem Alter sollte die Ausprägung von Beschwerden Indikator für die Ermittlung weiterer Ressourcen darstellen, um einen positiven Einfluss auf die Lebenszufriedenheit auszuüben.

Personal Relationships: Out of Time, Out of Place

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol M. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Personal Relationships ◽  
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