On Temperature Determination from Rotational Raman Line Intensities

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Doppelbauer ◽  
Günter Leyendecker
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Channel Detection ◽  
Temperature Determination ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Linear Molecules ◽  
Selection Of

A theoretical investigation of temperature determination from the pure rotational Raman spectra of diatomic and linear molecules is performed. Calculations are presented on the suitable selection of the lines used to minimize the random error. The problem is formulated in terms of rotational characteristic temperatures. Our results show, for single-channel detection, that temperature determination from the intensity ratio of only two properly selected lines is superior to the evaluation of many lines. Optimum line pairs are calculated for the most widely used molecules, H2 and N2, in the temperature range 300 to 2000 K. The random errors to be expected in this temperature range are given in a form which allows estimates to be made for any particular experimental situation.

STUDY OF INACCURACY IN THE OPERATION OF THE MAIN CONTROLLER OF STB MACHINE

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Stable Process ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Experimental Data Processing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Transmission Gear ◽  
Selection Of

At production of fabrics, including fabrics for agricultural purpose, an important role is played by the cor-rect adjustment of operation of machine main regulator. The quality of setup of machine main controller is determined by the proper selection of rotation angle of warp beam weaving per one filling thread. In the pro-cess of using the regulator as a result of mistakes in adjustment, wear of transmission gear and backlashes in connections of details there are random changes in threads length. The purpose of the article is the research of property of random errors of basis giving by STB machine regulator. Mistakes can be both negative, and positive. In case of emergence only negative or only positive mistakes operation of the machine becomes im-possible as there will be a consecutive accumulation of mistakes. As a result of experimental data processing for stable process of weaving and the invariable diameter of basis threads winding of threads it is revealed that the random error of giving is set up as linear function of the accidental length having normal distribution. Measurements of accidental deviations in giving of a basis by the main regulator allowed to construct a curve of normal distribution of its actual length for one pass of weft thread. The presented curve of distribution of random errors in giving of a basis is the displaced curve of normal distribution of the accidental sizes. Also we define the density of probability of normal distribution of basis giving errors connected with a margin er-ror operation of the main regulator knowing of which allows to plan ways of their decrease that is important for improvement of quality of the produced fabrics.

scholarly journals SpS1-Laboratory spectroscopy of small molecules

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 541-542
Author(s):  
Peter F. Bernath
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Molecular Spectroscopy ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Chemical Physics ◽  
Molecular Absorption ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Modern Chemical

This contribution focuses on the study of ‘cool’ sources with surface temperatures in the range of about 500-4000 K. In this temperature range spectra are dominated by strong molecular absorption and the tools of modern chemical physics can be applied to compute the molecular opacities needed to simulate the observed spectral energy distributions. (See Bernath (2005) for an introduction to molecular spectroscopy including line intensities and Bernath (2009) for a recent astronomical review article.)

scholarly journals Population structure in artificial selection: studies with Drosophila melanogaster

1974 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Madalena ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Cycle Structure ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Final Response ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYThe effect of sub-dividing a population during selection was studied by selecting downwards for sternopleural bristles in Drosophila melanogaster. The four structures used all involved the selection of 40 individuals out of 200 measured in each sex. The alternatives were:(i) one large line with the same selection procedure in all generations,(ii) eight small lines with the same procedure in all generations,(iii) the ‘single cycle’ structure in which large lines derived from crosses between selected small lines at either the sixth or twelth generation, and,(iv) the ‘repeated cycle’ structure in which the best five small lines were mixed at the sixth generation of selection to produce a new set of small lines on which the procedure was repeated for a total of three cycles.Of the first two methods, the large line had a higher final response than did any of the small lines. The latter, selected with an intensity of 5 out of 25 in each sex, had lower average final response than had a similar group of lines selected from the same base population with the lower intensity of 10/25. The results showed no clear effect of the sub-dicision of the population, followed by selection between lines, though they were in general agreement with theortical expectations. Several second chromosome recessive lethals were found at high frequencies in different selected lines. One of these, found in eight of the lines, had an effect on bristles in the heterzygote of about 1·5 phenotypic standard deviations. The evidence strongly suggests a pleiotropic effect on bristle score.

WAVELET FEATURES BASED SLEEP STAGES DETECTION USING SINGLE CHANNEL EEG

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Vandana Roy ◽  
Anand Prakash ◽  
Shailja Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Wavelet Decomposition ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Kappa Coefficient ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Wavelet Features ◽  
Stage Classification ◽  
Selection Of

The sleep stages determination is important for the identification and diagnosis of different diseases. An efficient algorithm of wavelet decomposition is used for feature extraction of single channel EEG. The Chi-Square method is applied for the selection of the best attributes from the extracted features. The classification of different staged techniques is applied with the help AdaBoost.M1 algorithm. The accuracy of 89.82% achieved in the six stage classification. The weighted sensitivity of all stages is 89.8% and kappa coefficient of 77.93% is obtained in the six stage classification.

Superposition properties of independent ion channels

1989 ◽  
Vol 238 (1291) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Sojourn Time ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Stochastic Modelling ◽  
Multiple Channels ◽  
Channel Activity ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Multichannel Systems ◽  
Selection Of

Membrane patches usually contain several ion channels of a given type. However, most of the stochastic modelling on which data analysis (in particular, estimation of kinetic constants) is currently based, relates to a single channel rather than to multiple channels. Attempts to circumvent this problem experimentally by recording under conditions where channel activity is low are restrictive and can introduce bias; moreover, possibly important information on how multichannel systems behave will be missed. We have extended existing theory to multichannel systems by applying results from point process theory to derive some distributional properties of the various types of sojourn time that occur when a given number of channels are open in a system containing a specified number of independent channels in equilibrium. Separate development of properties of a single channel and the superposition of several such independent channels simplifies the presentation of known results and extensions. To illustrate the general theory, particular attention is given to the types of sojourn time that occur in a two channel system; detailed expressions are presented for a selection of models, both Markov and non-Markov.

Assessment of Heat Transfer Effectiveness: Application to Shell Bitumen Plant, Takoradi, Ghana

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Simons ◽  
Solomon Nunoo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Current Heat

At Shell Bitumen Plant, Takoradi, Beverley Thermal Fluid Heater (BTFH) generates heat energy to heat thermal fluid (Thermia B) which flows through heat exchanger and then heats bitumen which is to be maintained at temperature range of 140 °C to 160 °C before it is discharged. High rate of heat losses have been observed and in order to maintain the temperature range of bitumen at (140 °C to 160 °C), a lot of heat energy is needed to be generated which means higher fuel consumption for BTFH. Industrial fuel oil is used to fuel the BTFH. This paper assesses the existing insulation system on the plant and seeks to improve on it so as to cut down heat losses. Consequently, the work looked at the estimation of heat losses, selection of materials for heat transfer and lagging purposes. In this wise, the existing laggings were modified by introducing fibreglass between the asbestos and masonry and thus reducing the current heat lost by 78%. Heat from the exhaust gas which would have otherwise, gone wasted, was utilised by redesigning the chimney and this yielded 0.868 kW of heat energy to aid the heating of the bitumen. In the face of rising cost of fuel and taking cognizance of the fact that cheaper natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas could be produced in Ghana, it is recommended that the heater should be fueled by either of these gases.

scholarly journals Artificial sexual selection alters allometry in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni (Diptera: Diopsidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
High Line ◽  
Cumulative Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selection Of

SummarySelection for increased and decreased ratio of eye span to body length was exerted on male stalk-eyed flies (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni) from Malaysia using replicate selected and unselected lines. Response to selection was symmetrical. After 10 generations high line male eye span increased to 1·3 body lengths while low line male eye span declined to 1·1 body lengths. Realized heritabilities for eye span to body length ratio, estimated using regressions of deviations from unselected controls on cumulative selection differentials, were greater than zero for all four selected lines with average h2 = 0·35 + 0·06. The static linear allometric relationship between eye span and body length diverged between selected lines and rotated among selected line males in the same direction as among males in other sexually dimorphic diopsid species. Crosses between lines after 13 generations of selection indicate that the genes which influence relative eye span combine additively and do not exhibit sex linkage or maternal effects. The genetic correlation between the sexes, 0·29 + 0·05 as estimated by the regression of female on male change in eye span, did not prevent sexual dimorphism in eye span from diverging between lines. These results suggest that the exaggerated eye span of male C. dalmanni is maintained by natural selection opposing sexual selection rather than by lack of or asymmetry in additive genetic variation. Furthermore, the variation in sexual dimorphism for eye span-body length allometry observed among extant diopsid species is consistent with sexual selection of variable intensity acting on relative eye span.

Extracting charge density distributions from diffraction data: a model study on urea

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. de Vries ◽  
D. Feil ◽  
V. G. Tsirelson
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Multipole Refinement ◽  
Interaction Density

The quality of the extraction of electron density distributions by means of a multipole refinement method is investigated. Structure factors of the urea crystal have been obtained from an electron density distribution (EDD) resulting from a density function calculation with the CRYSTAL95 package. To account for the thermal motion of the atoms, the stockholder-partioned densities of the atoms have been convoluted with thermal smearing functions, which were obtained from a neutron diffraction experiment. A POP multipole refinement yielded a good fit, R = 0.6%. This disagreement factor is based on magnitudes only. Comparison with the original structure factors gave a disagreement of 0.8% owing to differences in magnitude and phase. The fitted EDD still showed all the characteristics of the interaction density. After random errors corresponding to the experimental situation were added to the structure factors, the refinement was repeated. The fit was R = 1.1%. This time the resulting interaction density was heavily deformed. Repetition with another set of random errors from the same distribution yielded a widely different interaction density distribution. The conclusion is that interaction densities cannot be obtained from X-ray diffraction data on non-centrosymmetric crystals.

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