Zoonotic enteric parasites in Mongolian people, animals, and the environment: Using One Health to address shared pathogens

Background Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important zoonotic enteric pathogens of One Health concern for humans, animals, and the environment. For this study, we investigated parasite prevalence and risk factors among rural, peri-urban, and urban households and environments of Mongolia. Methods This cross-sectional study implemented a household risk factor survey at 250 home sites along with sample collection from humans, animals, flies, and drinking water. Multiplex real-time PCR analysis was conducted to look for Cryptosporidium spp. and/or Giardia duodenalis within household samples. Results Lab analysis found one or both zoonotic parasites at 20% of the participating households (51/250). Human samples had a parasite prevalence of 6.4% (27/419), domestic animals at 3.3% (19/570), pooled filth flies at 14.8% (17/115), and drinking water samples at 2% (5/250). Parasite presence at the household was significantly associated with a household’s use of an improved drinking water source (OR 0.27; CI 0.12–0.61; p = < 0.01), having an indoor handwashing site (OR 0.41; CI 0.19–0.92; p = 0.03), domestic animal ownership (OR 2.40; CI 1.02–5.65; p = 0.05), and rural location (OR 0.50; CI 0.25–0.98; p = 0.04). Household use of an improved drinking water source remained significant in the multivariate model (OR 0.16; CI 0.04–0.68; p = 0.01). Conclusion In Mongolia, public and veterinary health are intertwined, particularly for rural herding households. Increased access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure could help prevent further transmission of zoonotic enteric parasites. Public health interventions, policy and messaging should utilize a One Health framework employing joint leadership from local human and animal health sectors.

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The South Australian Safe Drinking Water Act: summary of the first year of operation

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2016.218 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 460-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Suzanne M. Froscio ◽

Natalie Bolton ◽

Renay Cooke ◽

Michelle Wittholz ◽

David Cunliffe

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Source ◽

Health Concern ◽

First Year ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Water Safety ◽

Safe Drinking Water Act ◽

Potential Health

The Safe Drinking Water Act 2011 was introduced in South Australia to provide clear direction to drinking water providers on how to achieve water safety. The Act requires drinking water providers to register with SA Health and develop a risk management plan (RMP) for their water supply that includes operational and verification monitoring plans and an incident notification and communication protocol. During the first year of operation, 212 drinking water providers registered under the Act, including one major water utility and a range of small to medium sized providers in regional and remote areas of the State. Information was captured on water source(s) used and water treatment. Rainwater was the most frequently reported drinking water source (66%), followed by bore water (13%), on-supply or carting of mains water (13%), mixed source (rainwater with bore water backup) (6%) and surface water (3%). The majority of providers (91%) treated the water supply, 87% used disinfection. During the first year of operation, 16 water quality incidents were formally reported to SA Health. These included both microbial and chemical incidents. Case studies presented highlight how the RMPs are assisting drinking water providers to identify incidents of potential health concern and implement corrective actions.

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Global return flow ratio

10.29104/wins.l.0111.2018 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chloé Meyer

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Return Flow ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Chemical Contamination ◽

Flow Ratio ◽

Piped Water ◽

Dug Wells

Population using an improved drinking water source (piped water into dwellings, yards or plots; public taps or standpipes; boreholes or tubewells; protected dug wells; or protected springs and rainwater) that is located on premises and available when needed and which is free of faecal and priority chemical contamination. Basin Pollution Quality Waste

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Delineation of drinking water source protections zones for the Green Hills Country Estates well 02, Weber County, Utah

10.34191/ri-240 ◽

1999 ◽

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source

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Incorporating community and multiple perspectives in the development of acceptable drinking water source protection policy in catchments facing recreation demands

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 112-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Geoffrey J. Syme ◽

Blair E. Nancarrow

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Multiple Perspectives ◽

Protection Policy

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Are children’s stools in Ghana disposed of safely? Evidence from the 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10155-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul-Aziz Seidu

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Survey ◽

Water Source ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Safe Disposal ◽

Toilet Facility ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Northern Zone

Abstract Background Safe disposal of children’s faeces has always been one of the main challenges to good hygiene in Ghana. Although it has been proven that children’s faeces are more likely to spread diseases than adults’ faeces, people usually mistake them for harmlessness. This study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with safe disposal of children’s faeces in Ghana. Methods Data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey was used for the analysis. A sample size of 2228 mother-child pairs were used for the study. The outcome variable was disposal of children stools. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors with safe child stool disposal. Results The prevalence of safe child stool disposal in Ghana was 24.5%. Women in the middle [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.62; Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.00–7.10], Coastal Zone [AOR = 4.52; CI = 2.82–7.22], mothers whose children were aged 12–17 [AOR = 1.56; CI = 1.15–2.13] and 18–23 months [AOR = 1.75; CI = 1.29–2.39], and mothers whose household had improved type of toilet facility [AOR = 2.04; CI = 1.53–2.73] had higher odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. However, women from households with access to improved source of drinking water [AOR = 0.62; CI = 0.45–2.7] had lower odds of practicing safe children’s faeces disposal. Conclusion Approximately only about 25 out of 100 women practice safe disposal of their children’s faeces in Ghana. The age of the child, ecological zone, the type of toilet facilities, and the type of drinking water source are associated with the disposal of child faeces. These findings have proven that only improved sanitation (i.e. drinking water and toilet facilities) are not enough for women to safely dispose of their children’s faeces. Therefore, in addition to provision of toilet facilities especially in the northern zone of Ghana, there is also the need to motivate and educate mothers on safe disposal of children’s stools especially those with children below 12 months. More so, mothers without access to improved toilet facility should also be educated on the appropriate ways to bury their children’s stools safely.

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