scholarly journals Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009621
Author(s):  
Shangqing Tang ◽  
Lishuo Shi ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Peizhen Zhao ◽  
Heping Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Secondary Syphilis ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Health Institutions

Background Previous studies exploring the factors associated with the incidence of syphilis have mostly focused on individual-level factors. However, recent evidence has indicated that social-level factors, such as sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, also affect the incidence of syphilis. Studies on the sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with syphilis incidence are scarce, and they have rarely controlled for spatial effects, even though syphilis shows spatial autocorrelation. Methodology/Principal findings Syphilis data from 21 cities in Guangdong province between 2005 and 2017 were provided by the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System. The incidence time series, incidence map, and space-time scanning data were used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution. The spatial panel data model was then applied to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors (population density, net migration rate, male:female ratio, and the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents), socioeconomic factors (gross domestic product per capita, the proportion of secondary/tertiary industry), and the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis after controlling for spatial effects. The incidence of syphilis increased slowly from 2005 (11.91 per 100,000) to 2011 (13.42 per 100,000) and then began to decrease, reaching 6.55 per 100,000 in 2017. High-risk clusters of syphilis tended to shift from developed areas to underdeveloped areas. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found between syphilis incidence and gross domestic product per capita. Moreover, syphilis incidence was significantly associated with population density (β = 2.844, P = 0.006), the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents (β = -0.095, P = 0.007), and the net migration rate (β = -0.219, P = 0.002). Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis first increase before decreasing as economic development increases further. These results emphasize the necessity to prevent syphilis in regions at the early stages of economic growth.

scholarly journals A Study of the Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Migration in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Jixia Huang ◽  
Hongyan Cai ◽  
Hengzi Liu ◽  
Jinmei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Far North ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regional Product

Russia has experienced population decline in years and the economic development in Russia is largely restricted by labor shortage, particularly for the Far North and East region. In order to explore the migration mechanisms, six socioeconomic factors were selected to explore the influences on the net migration. Data from the 82 regions covering four time periods (2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015) was processed use spatial panel econometric analysis and the time-period fixed effects Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was selected as the best fit model after tests. The results indicates that, unemployment and infant death rate are significantly negatively associated with net migration, while urbanization rate, urban scale and life expectancy are significantly positively associated with net migration; every 100 USD increase in per capita GRP (Gross Regional Product) is positively related with averagely 5.4 net migrates in the region; every 1 year increase in life expectancy would increase 1052 net migrates; every 1sqm increase in urban scale would increase the net migrates by 11.75 and every 1% increase in unemployment would lead to a decrease of 0.54 net migrates. Spillover effect was also found for per capita GRP and life expectancy, indicating that the increase of per capita GRP and life expectancy in neighboring regions can also increase the attractiveness in one region. It can be concluded that better job market, better economic status and health related wellbeing are all attracting factors for migrates and these factors can even make the neighborhood region more attractive for immigrates. Considering the ambitious development plan for the Russia Far North and East regions, related suggestions on attracting migrates are provided.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility: A Cross Districts Analysis of Punjab, Pakistanq

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qasim Attari ◽  
Zahid Pervaiz ◽  
Amatul R. Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Female Literacy

This study has investigated various socio-economic and demographic determinants of fertility across the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, population density, female literacy rate, employment rate and child mortality have been identified as determinants of fertility by using cross sectional regression. The results of this study indicate that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population density have negative and insignificant whereas female literacy rate has negative and significant association with fertility. On the other hand employment rate and child mortality have positive association with fertility. According to results of this study, increase in female education and reduction in child mortality can be helpful to reduce fertility in the districts of Punjab.

scholarly journals Spatial Characteristics and Factor Analysis of Pollution Emission from Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Zhang ◽  
Sheng Wu ◽  
Shifen Cheng ◽  
Feng Lu ◽  
Peng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
Bth Region

Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) contribute significantly to NOX and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Although existing studies have emphasized that HDDTs play a dominant role in vehicular pollution, the spatial distribution pattern of HDDT emissions and their related socioeconomic factors are unclear. To fill this research gap, this study investigates the spatial distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation characteristics of NOX, PM, and SO2 emissions from HDDTs in 200 districts and counties of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region. We used the spatial lag model to calculate the significances and directions of the pollutants from HDDTs and their related socioeconomic factors, namely, per capita GDP, population density, urbanization rate, and proportions of secondary and tertiary industries. Then, the geographical detector technique was applied to quantify the strengths of the significant socioeconomic factors of HDDT emissions. The results show that (1) NOX, PM, and SO2 pollutants emitted by HDDTs in the BTH region have spatial heterogeneity, i.e., low in the north and high in the east and south. (2) The pollutants from HDDTs in the BTH region have significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The spatial dependence effect was obvious; for every 1% increase in the HDDT emissions in the surrounding districts and counties, the local HDDT emissions increased by 0.39%. (3) Related factors analysis showed that the proportion of tertiary industries had a significant negative correlation, whereas the proportion of secondary industries and urbanization rate had significant positive correlations with HDDT emissions. Population density and per capita GDP did not pass the significance test. (4) The order of effect intensities of the significant socioeconomic factors was proportion of tertiary industry > proportion of secondary industry > urbanization rate. This study guides scientific decision making for pollution control of HDDTs in the BTH region.

scholarly journals Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. eabc1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Day By Day

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and if so, it could protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination until at least 2000 with countries that did not. To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases (134 countries) and deaths (135 countries) in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.

Convergence of regional population density in Russia over 120 years

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
K. A. Kholodilin ◽  
Y. I. Yanzhimaeva
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
County Level ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Regional Population Density

A relative uniformity of population distribution on the territory of the country is of importance from socio-economic and strategic perspectives. It is especially important in the case of Russia with its densely populated West and underpopulated East. This paper considers changes in population density in Russian regions, which occurred between 1897 and 2017. It explores whether there was convergence in population density and what factors influenced it. For this purpose, it uses the data both at county and regional levels, which are brought to common borders for comparability purposes. Further, the models of unconditional and conditional β-convergence are estimated, taking into account the spatial dependence. The paper concludes that the population density equalization took place in 1897-2017 at the county level and in 1926—1970 at the regional level. In addition, the population density increase is shown to be influenced not only by spatial effects, but also by political and geographical factors such as climate, number of GULAG camps, and the distance from the capital city.

PENGARUH PENANAMAN MODAL ASING, PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL, GDP PER KAPITA, SEKTOR PERTANIAN, DAN URBANISASI TERHADAP PENDUDUK BEKERJA DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
John Marcell Rumondor
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Per Capita

This research aims to understand the influenceof foreign investment, international trade, Gross Domestic Product per capita, agriculture and urbanization of the working population. Country used as an object in this research is Indonesia. This research uses the method of analysis Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and the multiple linear regression analysis method. Research period are from 1997 – 2012. The results showed that the international trade, Gross Domestic Product per capita, agriculture and urbanization have significantpositive influenceon the population work in Indonesia, but foreign investment has no significanteffect on the working population in Indonesia.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

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