scholarly journals Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. eabc1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Day By Day

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and if so, it could protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination until at least 2000 with countries that did not. To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases (134 countries) and deaths (135 countries) in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Mandated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. Berg ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Cristina E. Salvador ◽  
Irene Melani ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Density Population ◽  
Day By Day

AbstractBCG vaccination may reduce the risk of a range of infectious diseases, and, if so, could serve as a protective factor against COVID-19. Here, we compared countries that mandated BCG vaccination at least until 2000 with to countries that did not (140 countries in total). To minimize any systematic effects of reporting biases, we analyzed the rate of the day-by-day increase in both confirmed cases and deaths in the first 30-day period of country-wise outbreaks. The 30-day window was adjusted to begin at the country-wise onset of the pandemic. Linear mixed models revealed a significant effect of mandated BCG policies on the growth rate of both cases and deaths after controlling for median age, gross domestic product per capita, population density, population size, net migration rate, and various cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism and the tightness vs. looseness of social norms). Our analysis suggests that mandated BCG vaccination can be effective in the fight against COVID-19.TeaserNational policies for universal BCG vaccination are associated with flattened growth of country-wise COVID-19 cases and deaths.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal distribution and sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with primary and secondary syphilis in Guangdong, China, 2005–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009621
Author(s):  
Shangqing Tang ◽  
Lishuo Shi ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Peizhen Zhao ◽  
Heping Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Migration Rate ◽  
Secondary Syphilis ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Health Institutions

Background Previous studies exploring the factors associated with the incidence of syphilis have mostly focused on individual-level factors. However, recent evidence has indicated that social-level factors, such as sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, also affect the incidence of syphilis. Studies on the sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors associated with syphilis incidence are scarce, and they have rarely controlled for spatial effects, even though syphilis shows spatial autocorrelation. Methodology/Principal findings Syphilis data from 21 cities in Guangdong province between 2005 and 2017 were provided by the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System. The incidence time series, incidence map, and space-time scanning data were used to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution. The spatial panel data model was then applied to explore the relationship between sociodemographic factors (population density, net migration rate, male:female ratio, and the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents), socioeconomic factors (gross domestic product per capita, the proportion of secondary/tertiary industry), and the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis after controlling for spatial effects. The incidence of syphilis increased slowly from 2005 (11.91 per 100,000) to 2011 (13.42 per 100,000) and then began to decrease, reaching 6.55 per 100,000 in 2017. High-risk clusters of syphilis tended to shift from developed areas to underdeveloped areas. An inverted U-shaped relationship was found between syphilis incidence and gross domestic product per capita. Moreover, syphilis incidence was significantly associated with population density (β = 2.844, P = 0.006), the number of health institutions per 1,000 residents (β = -0.095, P = 0.007), and the net migration rate (β = -0.219, P = 0.002). Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis first increase before decreasing as economic development increases further. These results emphasize the necessity to prevent syphilis in regions at the early stages of economic growth.

scholarly journals Hospitalization Data Supports Correlation of Lower Covid-19 Severity vs. Universal BCG Immunization in the Early Phase of the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Dolgikh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Protection Effect ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Per Capita

The possibility of a correlation between universal administration of the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine and lower severity of Covid-19 by national jurisdiction has been pointed out previously. In this work we examined hospitalization data attributed to Covid-19 cause reported by European national jurisdictions with the conclusion of a clear negative correlation between current or recent BCG vaccination program and reduced impact of the epidemics on the population measured in hospital admissions per capita in the early phase of the pandemic, before variants and vaccines. While there is no evidence that BCG vaccination provides strong individual level protection, the results of this work in combination with the results of other studies appear to support the hypothesis of a certain population-wide protection effect that is correlated with BCG immunization.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayori Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Yoshiyama ◽  
Kazuhiro Uchimura ◽  
Yuko Hamaguchi ◽  
Seiya Kato
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Authority ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Childhood Tb ◽  
Selective Vaccination

AbstractUniversal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination is recommended in countries with high tuberculosis (TB) burden. Nevertheless, several countries have ceased universal BCG vaccination over the past 40 years, with scarce comparative epidemiological analyses regarding childhood TB after the policy change. We analysed data on childhood TB in countries that ceased universal BCG vaccination. Data sources included national/international databases, published papers, annual TB reports, and public health authority websites. Childhood TB notification rate increased in one of seven countries with available data. Pulmonary TB and TB lymphadenitis were the main causes of increasing childhood cases, while changes in severe forms of TB cases were minor. Maintaining high vaccine coverage for the target group was a common challenge after shifting selective vaccination. In some countries showing no increase in childhood TB after a BCG policy change, the majority of childhood TB cases were patients from abroad or those with overseas parents; these countries had changed immigration policies during the same period. Heterogeneity in childhood TB epidemiology was observed after ceasing universal BCG vaccination; several factors might obscure the influence of vaccination policy change. Lessons learned from these countries may aid in the development of better BCG vaccination strategies.

scholarly journals A case of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain meningitis and ventriculitis following BCG vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihoko Furuichi ◽  
Fumi Mori ◽  
Yoji Uejima ◽  
Satoshi Sato ◽  
Jun Kurihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Bcg Vaccination

Protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in children with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, but not the pulmonary diseaseA case-control study in Rosario, Argentina

Vaccine ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2894-2899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bonifachich ◽  
Monica Chort ◽  
Ana Astigarraga ◽  
Nora Diaz ◽  
Beatriz Brunet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Exacerbation of Atopic Dermatitis after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination

1998 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Dalton ◽  
M R Haeney ◽  
Leena Patel ◽  
T J David
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Severe Exacerbation ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Activated Lymphocytes ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

In two children with atopic dermatitis, routine vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was followed by severe exacerbation of skin disease. If the sequence is cause and effect, a possible mechanism is stimulation of a Th2 lymphocyte cytokine profile by the vaccine, with migration of activated lymphocytes to inflamed skin. In children with active atopic dermatitis, BCG vaccination is best deferred until remission.

Electricity Generation Through Water Supply Pipes in High Rise Buildings

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Suman ◽  
Mohd Javaid ◽  
Devaki Nandan ◽  
Shashi Bahl ◽  
Abid Haleem
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Hydro Turbine ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Water Head ◽  
Hydraulic Turbines ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Building ◽  
Day By Day

Day by day, with the improved per capita demand and increasing population, energy requirements are increasing globally. Big organizations are trying to develop zero energy establishments by using solar rooftop systems and by following green building norms. This paper proposes to utilize the kinetic energy of water falling in high-rise buildings for the generation of electricity. This study proposes the idea of extracting electric power from falling water in high-rise buildings. A 15[Formula: see text]m high building is considered for the study, having sufficient water head to run a micro-hydro turbine. Hydraulic turbines are stationed at each storey of the building, which employs the water energy for the generation of electricity. Analytically, the suggested setup is commercially propitious for several major cities of the country. The economic review of the suggested setup is discussed for possible commercialization of the idea.

scholarly journals Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-H. Weng ◽  
A. Saal ◽  
W. W-W. Butt ◽  
N. Bica ◽  
J. Q. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Global Pandemic

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic, and there is limited data on effective therapies. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a live-attenuated strain derived from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis and originally designed to prevent tuberculosis, has shown some efficacy against infection with unrelated pathogens. In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. Median age was 39.5 years (interquartile range, 27.0–50.0), 30% were male and 87.5% were Latino/Hispanics. Eighty-two (68.3%) patients had BCG vaccination. Individuals with BCG vaccination were less likely to require hospital admission during the disease course (3.7% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.019). This association remained unchanged after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (P = 0.017) using multivariate regression analysis. The finding from our study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19.

A comparative study of robust t linear mixed models with application to household consumption per capita expenditure data

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Azka Ubaidillah ◽  
Khairil Anwar Notodiputo ◽  
Anang Kurnia ◽  
I Wayan Mangku
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Models ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Per Capita
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