Thermal Reaction Norms and the Scale of Temperature Variation: Latitudinal Vulnerability of Intertidal Nacellid Limpets to Climate Change

The importance of considering species-specific biotic interactions when predicting feedbacks between the effects of climate change and ecosystem functions is becoming widely recognised. The responses of soil animals to predicted changes in global climate could potentially have far-reaching consequences for fluxes of soil carbon, including climatic feedbacks resulting from increased emissions of carbon dioxide from soils. The responses of soil animals to different microclimates can be summarised as norms of reaction, in order to compare phenotypic differences in traits along environmental gradients. Thermal and moisture reaction norms for physiological, behavioural and life history traits of species of terrestrial isopods differing in their morphological adaptations for reducing water loss are presented. Gradients of moisture reaction norms for respiratory rates and thermal reaction norms for water loss, for a species from the littoral zone were steeper than those for species from mesic environments. Those for mesic species were steeper than for those from xeric habitats. Within mesic species, gradients of thermal reaction norms for aggregation were steeper for Oniscusasellus than for Porcellioscaber or Armadilliumvulgare, and moisture reaction norms for sheltering and feeding behaviours were steeper for Philosciamuscorum than for either P.scaber or A.vulgare. These differences reflect differences in body shape, permeability of the cuticle, and development of pleopodal lungs. The implications of differences between different species of soil animals in response to microclimate on the possible influence of the soil fauna on soil carbon dynamics under future climates are discussed. In conclusion a modelling approach to bridging the inter-disciplinary gap between carbon cycling and the biology of soil animals is recommended.

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Thermal reaction norms of key metabolic enzymes reflect divergent physiological and behavioral adaptations of closely related amphipod species

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83748-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lena Jakob ◽

Kseniya P. Vereshchagina ◽

Anette Tillmann ◽

Lorena Rivarola-Duarte ◽

Denis V. Axenov-Gribanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽

Lake Baikal ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Large Scale ◽

Metabolic Enzymes ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Reaction Norms ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Amphipod Species ◽

Thermal Plasticity

AbstractLake Baikal is inhabited by more than 300 endemic amphipod species, which are narrowly adapted to certain thermal niches due to the high interspecific competition. In contrast, the surrounding freshwater fauna is commonly represented by species with large-scale distribution and high phenotypic thermal plasticity. Here, we investigated the thermal plasticity of the energy metabolism in two closely-related endemic amphipod species from Lake Baikal (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus; stenothermal and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus; eurythermal) and the ubiquitous Holarctic amphipod Gammarus lacustris (eurythermal) by exposure to a summer warming scenario (6–23.6 °C; 0.8 °C d−1). In concert with routine metabolic rates, activities of key metabolic enzymes increased strongly with temperature up to 15 °C in E. verrucosus, whereupon they leveled off (except for lactate dehydrogenase). In contrast, exponential increases were seen in E. cyaneus and G. lacustris throughout the thermal trial (Q10-values: 1.6–3.7). Cytochrome-c-oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were found to be higher in G. lacustris than in E. cyaneus, especially at the highest experimental temperature (23.6 °C). Decreasing gene expression levels revealed some thermal compensation in E. cyaneus but not in G. lacustris. In all species, shifts in enzyme activities favored glycolytic energy generation in the warmth. The congruent temperature-dependencies of enzyme activities and routine metabolism in E. verrucosus indicate a strong feedback-regulation of enzymatic activities by whole organism responses. The species-specific thermal reaction norms reflect the different ecological niches, including the spatial distribution, distinct thermal behavior such as temperature-dependent migration, movement activity, and mating season.

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Persistent Effect of Temperature on GDP Identified from Lower Frequency Temperature Variability

10.21203/rs.3.rs-601512/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bernardo Bastien-Olvera ◽

Frances Moore

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Temperature Variation ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Temperature Variability ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Human Welfare ◽

Economic Productivity ◽

Economic Output ◽

Frequency Temperature

Abstract It is well established that temperature variability affects a range of outcomes relevant to human welfare, including health (Gasparrini et al., 2017) emotion and mood (Baylis et al., 2018), and productivity across a number of economic sectors (Carleton & Hsiang, 2016; Dell et al., 2014). However, a critical and still unresolved empirical question is whether temperature variation has a long-lasting effect on economic productivity and, therefore, whether damages compound over time in response to long-lived changes in temperature expected with climate change. Several studies have identified a relationship between temperature and GDP (Burke et al., 2015; Dell et al., 2012; Kalkuhl & Wenz, 2020), but empirical evidence as to the persistence of these effects is still weak. This paper presents a novel approach to isolate the persistent component of temperature effects on output using lower frequency temperature variation. Using three different datasets we find that longer temperature anomalies affect GDP growth as much or more than short-lived anomalies, implying persistent and therefore cumulative effects of climate change on economic output. The population-weighted global effect of -0.8 pp per degree is sufficient to reduce per-capita income in 2100 by 44% under RCP6, approximately an order of magnitude larger than damages currently represented in cost-benefit integrated assessment models (Diaz & Moore, 2017).

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Do Differences in Latitudinal Distributions of Species and Organelle Haplotypes Reflect Thermal Reaction Norms Within the Emiliania/Gephyrocapsa Complex?

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2021.785763 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Peter von Dassow ◽

Paula Valentina Muñoz Farías ◽

Sarah Pinon ◽

Esther Velasco-Senovilla ◽

Simon Anguita-Salinas

Keyword(s):

Local Adaptation ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Environmental Gradients ◽

Reaction Norm ◽

Emiliania Huxleyi ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Reaction Norms ◽

Thermal Niche ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

The cosmopolitan phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi contrasts with its closest relatives that are restricted to narrower latitudinal bands, making it interesting for exploring how alternative outcomes in phytoplankton range distributions arise. Mitochondrial and chloroplast haplogroups within E. huxleyi are shared with their closest relatives: Some E. huxleyi share organelle haplogroups with Gephyrocapsa parvula and G. ericsonii which inhabit lower latitudes, while other E. huxleyi share organelle haplogroups with G. muellerae, which inhabit high latitudes. We investigated whether the phylogeny of E. huxleyi organelles reflects environmental gradients, focusing on the Southeast Pacific where the different haplogroups and species co-occur. There was a high congruence between mitochondrial and chloroplast haplogroups within E. huxleyi. Haplogroup II of E. huxleyi is negatively associated with cooler less saline waters, compared to haplogroup I, both when analyzed globally and across temporal variability at the small special scale of a center of coastal upwelling at 30° S. A new mitochondrial haplogroup Ib detected in coastal Chile was associated with warmer waters. In an experiment focused on inter-species comparisons, laboratory-determined thermal reaction norms were consistent with latitudinal/thermal distributions of species, with G. oceanica exhibiting warm thermal optima and tolerance and G. muellerae exhibiting cooler thermal optima and tolerances. Emiliania huxleyi haplogroups I and II tended to exhibit a wider thermal niche compared to the other Gephyrocapsa, but no differences among haplogroups within E. huxleyi were found. A second experiment, controlling for local adaptation and time in culture, found a significant difference between E. huxleyi haplogroups. The difference between I and II was of the expected sign, but not the difference between I and Ib. The differences were small (≤1°C) compared to differences reported previously within E. huxleyi by local adaptation and even in-culture evolution. Haplogroup Ib showed a narrower thermal niche. The cosmopolitanism of E. huxleyi might result from both wide-spread generalist phenotypes and specialist phenotypes, as well as a capacity for local adaptation. Thermal reaction norm differences can well explain the species distributions but poorly explain distributions among mitochondrial haplogroups within E. huxleyi. Perhaps organelle haplogroup distributions reflect historical rather than selective processes.

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Host plant adaptation and the evolution of thermal reaction norms

Oecologia ◽

10.1007/s00442-011-2206-7 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 169 (2) ◽

pp. 353-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sarah E. Diamond ◽

Joel G. Kingsolver

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Reaction Norms ◽

Plant Adaptation ◽

Host Plant Adaptation

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An empirical test for a zone of canalization in thermal reaction norms

Journal of Evolutionary Biology ◽

10.1111/jeb.13287 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (7) ◽

pp. 936-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Erlend I. F. Fossen ◽

Christophe Pélabon ◽

Sigurd Einum

Keyword(s):

Empirical Test ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Reaction Norms

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Repeatability of thermal reaction norms for spontaneous locomotor activity in juvenile newts

Journal of Thermal Biology ◽

10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 ◽

pp. 126-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Senka Baškiera ◽

Lumír Gvoždík

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Thermal Reaction ◽

Spontaneous Locomotor Activity ◽

Reaction Norms

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Can Topographic Variation in Climate Buffer against Climate Change-Induced Population Declines in Northern Forest Birds?

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d12020056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raimo Virkkala ◽

Juha Aalto ◽

Risto K. Heikkinen ◽

Ari Rajasärkkä ◽

Saija Kuusela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Temperature Variation ◽

Survey Data ◽

Bird Species ◽

Forest Birds ◽

Local Temperature ◽

Population Declines ◽

Northern Forest ◽

Bird Density ◽

Topographic Variation

Increased attention is being paid to the ecological drivers and conservation measures which could mitigate climate change-induced pressures for species survival, potentially helping populations to remain in their present-day locations longer. One important buffering mechanism against climate change may be provided by the heterogeneity in topography and consequent local climate conditions. However, the buffering capacity of this topoclimate has so far been insufficiently studied based on empirical survey data across multiple sites and species. Here, we studied whether the fine-grained air temperature variation of protected areas (PAs) affects the population changes of declining northern forest bird species. Importantly to our study, in PAs harmful land use, such as logging, is not allowed, enabling the detection of the effects of temperature buffering, even at relatively moderate levels of topographic variation. Our survey data from 129 PAs located in the boreal zone in Finland show that the density of northern forest species was higher in topographically heterogeneous PAs than in topographically more homogeneous PAs. Moreover, local temperature variation had a significant effect on the density change of northern forest birds from 1981–1999 to 2000–2017, indicating that change in bird density was generally smaller in PAs with higher topographic variation. Thus, we found a clear buffering effect stemming from the local temperature variation of PAs in the population trends of northern forest birds.

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