scholarly journals Interaction of Phytophagous Insects with Salmonella enterica on Plants and Enhanced Persistence of the Pathogen with Macrosteles quadrilineatus Infestation or Frankliniella occidentalis Feeding

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e79404 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Pablo Soto-Arias ◽  
Russell Groves ◽  
Jeri D. Barak
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Phytophagous Insects ◽  
Macrosteles Quadrilineatus

scholarly journals Frankliniella occidentalis facilitate Salmonella enterica survival in the phyllosphere

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247325
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Harrod ◽  
Russell L. Groves ◽  
Matthew A. Maurice ◽  
Jeri D. Barak
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Feeding Damage

The human enteric bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica causes approximately 1.35 million cases of food borne illnesses annually in the United States. Of these salmonellosis cases, almost half are derived from the consumption of fresh, raw produce. Although epiphytic S. enterica populations naturally decline in the phyllosphere, a subset of phytophagous insects have recently been identified as biological multipliers, consequently facilitating the growth of bacterial populations. We investigated whether tomato leaves with macroscopic feeding damage, caused by infestation of adult Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), support higher S. enterica populations. To explore this hypothesis, we assessed S. enterica populations in response to thrips feeding by varying insect density, plant age, and the gender of the insect. As a reference control, direct leaf damage analogous to thrips feeding was also evaluated using directed, hydraulic pressure. In a supplementary set series of experiments, groups of F. occidentalis infested tomato plants were later inoculated with S. enterica to determine how prior insect infestation might influence bacterial survival and persistence. Following an infestation period, leaves visibly damaged by adult F. occidentalis supported significantly higher S. enterica populations and resulted in greater amounts of electrolyte leakage (measured as electrical conductivity) than leaves lacking visible feeding damage. Plant age did not significantly influence S. enterica populations or estimates of electrolyte leakage, independent of initial infestation. Additionally, the gender of the insect did not uniquely influence S. enterica population dynamics. Finally, applications of aggressive water bombardment resulted in more electrolyte leakage than leaves damaged by F. occidentalis, yet supported comparable S. enterica populations. Together, this study indicates that F. occidentalis feeding is one of the many potential biological mechanisms creating a more habitable environment for S. enterica.

scholarly journals Influence ofprgHon the Persistence of Ingested Salmonella enterica in the Leafhopper Macrosteles quadrilineatus

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6345-6354 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Pablo Dundore-Arias ◽  
Russell L. Groves ◽  
Jeri D. Barak
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii Secretion Systems ◽  
Macrosteles Quadrilineatus ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Competition Assays

ABSTRACTPhytophagous insects can encounterSalmonella entericaon contaminated plant surfaces and transmit externally adhered and internalized bacteria on and among leaves. Excretion of ingestedS. entericaby the leafhopperMacrosteles quadrilineatushas been previously reported; however, the sites of persistence of ingested bacteria remain undetermined. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence and persistence ofS. entericain various organs ofM. quadrilineatusfed an inoculated diet for 12 h and then moved to two consecutive noninoculated diets for a total of 48 h. IngestedS. entericawas predominantly observed in the filter chamber, midgut, and Malpighian tubules ofM. quadrilineatusdissected immediately after acquisition and at 24- and 48-h post-acquisition access periods (post-AAPs). Additionally, we examined the potential roles of theSalmonellapathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 type III secretion systems (T3SSs) in the persistence and excretion of ingestedS. enterica. In competition assays, aprgHmutant lacking a functional SPI-1 T3SS was recovered at significantly lower levels than the WT in insect homogenates at 24 h post-AAP, and complementation withprgHrestoredS. entericapersistence inM. quadrilineatus. Moreover, expression ofprgHinsideM. quadrilineatuswas observed up to 48 post-AAP. No differences were observed between the WT and anssaKmutant lacking a functional SPI-2 T3SS in insect homogenates or between the WT and either mutant in insect excretions. This study provides novel insight into the presence and persistence ofS. entericainsideM. quadrilineatusand demonstrates that the SPI-1 T3SS influences the persistence of the pathogen in the gut of a potential vector.

scholarly journals Give and Take: Salmonella Enterica Alters Macrosteles Quadrilineatus Feeding Behaviors Resulting in Altered S. Enterica Populations and Distribution on Leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Harrod ◽  
Russell Groves ◽  
Ellie Guillemette ◽  
Jeri Barak
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Macrosteles Quadrilineatus

Abstract Hemipteran insects are ubiquitous inhabitants of the phyllosphere. Changes in microbial phyllosphere communities have recently been demonstrated following infestation by Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Aster Leafhopper). Although epiphytic Salmonella enterica populations naturally decline in the phyllosphere of plants, M. quadrilineatus infestation facilitated the growth of the bacterial pathogen populations. Here, we demonstrate that cellular damage by insect stylet penetration results in a localized beneficial niche on the leaf surface, leading to enhanced S. enterica populations. We measured S. enterica populations and colonization patterns on plants infested with Hemipterans with distinct feeding behaviors. M. quadrilineatus infestation resulted in higher solute leakage and significantly greater bacterial populations than plants absent of insects. Following immigration via contaminated irrigation water, the highest populations of S. enterica are naturally found on the tips of tomato leaflets. We discovered M. quadrilineatus feeding preference altered the natural distribution of S. enterica populations, and that the presence of S. enterica altered the distribution of probing attempts. These findings elucidate how cellular damage resulting from insect feeding drives changes in bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere.

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

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