scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis Spores as Vaccine Adjuvants: Further Insights into the Mechanisms of Action

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e87454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Damásio de Souza ◽  
Milene Tavares Batista ◽  
Wilson Barros Luiz ◽  
Rafael Ciro Marques Cavalcante ◽  
Jaime Henrique Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants

scholarly journals A note on the antibiotic properties of Bacillus subtilis against Colletotrichum trifolii

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Douville ◽  
J.G. Boland
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Colletotrichum Trifolii ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Germ Tubes

The influence and mechanisms of action of Bacillus subtilis on Colletotrichum trifolii, a causal agent of anthracnose of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), were studied in vivo and in vitro. In growth room conditions, a cell-free culture filtrate of B. subtilis significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on alfalfa seedlings from 56% to 16% and from 2.0 to 1.2, respectively. Treatment of seedlings with washed cell suspensions of B. subtilis had no influence on disease. Applications of crude filtrate on alfalfa leaflets inoculated with C. trifolii were associated with reduced germination of conidia, lysis of conidia, and reduced formation of appressoria. Under in vitro conditions, crude filtrate reduced germination of conidia, and induced lysis of conidia and the formation of inflated germ tubes on germinating conidia. An antibiotic of the iturin family, iturin D, was tentatively identified as the active compound responsible for the suppressive effect of B. subtilis on C. trifolii.

scholarly journals Towards Identification of the Mechanisms of Action of Parasite-Derived Peptide GK1 on the Immunogenicity of an Influenza Vaccine

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1338-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Segura-Velázquez ◽  
Gladis Fragoso ◽  
Edda Sciutto ◽  
Adelaida Sarukhan
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that the synthetic peptide GK1, derived from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, enhances the immunogenicity of the commercial inactivated influenza vaccine Fluzone in both young and aged mice. In particular, antibody responses were much improved. Since GK1 is a peptide and is rapidly cleared from the body, it offers the possibility to improve vaccine performance without undesirable effects. This study was therefore designed to understand the mechanisms of action involved in the adjuvant properties of GK1. For this, transgenic mice expressing a T-cell receptor specific for an epitope from the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein were employed. The GK1 peptide significantly increased the in vivo proliferative response of HA-specific CD4+ T cells when it was coimmunized with the HA epitope. Dendritic cells treated in vitro with GK1 were capable of enhancing T-cell activation. Furthermore, in synergy with lipopolysaccharide, GK1 enhanced the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules of dendritic cells and promoted the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon antigen-driven T-cell interaction. These data provide important insights into the mechanism that underlies the GK1 adjuvant capacity observed previously and underline the feasibility of using the transgenic mouse model described herein as a tool for investigation of the modes of action of different influenza vaccine adjuvants.

scholarly journals General characteristics of adjuvants and their mechanisms of action (part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
N. А. Alpatova ◽  
Zh. I. Avdeeva ◽  
S. L. Lysikova ◽  
O. V. Golovinskaya ◽  
L. A. Gayderova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Efficient Induction ◽  
Is Development ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
New Vaccines

One of the major public health challenges today is development of new vaccines and technologies to optimize the vaccination process. There is a growing scientific interest in vaccine adjuvants that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. At present, numerous studies are underway to develop COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated and subunit vaccines which contain adjuvants for efficient induction of immune response and solid immunity. The aim of the study was to systematise literature related to the analysis of the structure, mechanisms of action and stimulating properties of vaccine adjuvants (synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, virosomes, polyoxidonium, sovidone), as well as to summarise data on the effects of adjuvants used in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development studies. The paper analyses the prospects for enhancing the stimulating effect of the adjuvants when used in combination with compounds having a different mechanism of action. It also analyses the results of studies of adjuvanted vaccines against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which may be useful when selecting adjuvants with optimal efficacy and safety profiles to be used in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development. It was concluded that understanding of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants that mediate their stimulating effect on the body’s immune system will contribute to safe and effective use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of both authorised and new vaccines.

scholarly journals Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan J. Chand ◽  
Royford B. Magiri ◽  
Heather L. Wilson ◽  
George K. Mutwiri
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Laboratory Rodents

Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.

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