scholarly journals General characteristics of adjuvants and their mechanisms of action (part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
N. А. Alpatova ◽  
Zh. I. Avdeeva ◽  
S. L. Lysikova ◽  
O. V. Golovinskaya ◽  
L. A. Gayderova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Efficient Induction ◽  
Is Development ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
New Vaccines

One of the major public health challenges today is development of new vaccines and technologies to optimize the vaccination process. There is a growing scientific interest in vaccine adjuvants that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. At present, numerous studies are underway to develop COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated and subunit vaccines which contain adjuvants for efficient induction of immune response and solid immunity. The aim of the study was to systematise literature related to the analysis of the structure, mechanisms of action and stimulating properties of vaccine adjuvants (synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, virosomes, polyoxidonium, sovidone), as well as to summarise data on the effects of adjuvants used in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development studies. The paper analyses the prospects for enhancing the stimulating effect of the adjuvants when used in combination with compounds having a different mechanism of action. It also analyses the results of studies of adjuvanted vaccines against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which may be useful when selecting adjuvants with optimal efficacy and safety profiles to be used in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development. It was concluded that understanding of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants that mediate their stimulating effect on the body’s immune system will contribute to safe and effective use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of both authorised and new vaccines.

scholarly journals General Characteristics of Adjuvants and Their Mechanism of Action (Part 1)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
N. A. Alpatova ◽  
Zh. I. Avdeeva ◽  
S. L. Lysikova ◽  
O. V. Golovinskaya ◽  
L. A. Gayderova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Is Development ◽  
Defensive Mechanisms ◽  
Structure And Activity ◽  
New Vaccines

One of priority issues of the present-day healthcare system is development of new vaccines and improvement of existing ones due to decreasing immunocompetence of the population, emergence of new infections and reemergence of old ones which were previously thought to be under control. Adjuvants have proven to be integral and important components of modern vaccines, as they enhance immune response to the vaccine antigen. However, despite a lot of effort put into their development, only a small number of adjuvants are currently used in clinical practice.The aim of the study was to systematise literature data on the adjuvants’ mechanisms of action, their specific structure, composition, and stimulation effects that mediate their immunoadjuvant properties. The paper summarises data on adjuvants used as components in licensed vaccines, describes their characteristics, analyses molecular mechanisms of their action in order to establish correlation between their structure and activity, which is important for the development of more efficacious and safe adjuvants. The paper cites advanced developments aimed at enhancing stimulation effects of existing adjuvants. It concludes by stating that the key research area aimed at improving vaccination efficacy is the study of mechanisms that contribute to the development of effective protection against infectious agents, as well as analysis of how to use adjuvants to stimulate the body’s defensive mechanisms, primarily by impacting the innate immunity.

scholarly journals Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Raquel Cid ◽  
Jorge Bolívar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.

scholarly journals Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategies and Nucleoside Analogues

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Robert J. Geraghty ◽  
Matthew T. Aliota ◽  
Laurent F. Bonnac
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
The Family ◽  
Antiviral Nucleoside

The emergence or re-emergence of viruses with epidemic and/or pandemic potential, such as Ebola, Zika, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 and 2 (SARS and SARS-CoV-2) viruses, or new strains of influenza represents significant human health threats due to the absence of available treatments. Vaccines represent a key answer to control these viruses. However, in the case of a public health emergency, vaccine development, safety, and partial efficacy concerns may hinder their prompt deployment. Thus, developing broad-spectrum antiviral molecules for a fast response is essential to face an outbreak crisis as well as for bioweapon countermeasures. So far, broad-spectrum antivirals include two main categories: the family of drugs targeting the host-cell machinery essential for virus infection and replication, and the family of drugs directly targeting viruses. Among the molecules directly targeting viruses, nucleoside analogues form an essential class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this review, we will discuss the interest for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies and their limitations, with an emphasis on virus-targeted, broad-spectrum, antiviral nucleoside analogues and their mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Ike ◽  
Chisom J. Onu ◽  
Chukwuebuka M. Ononugbo ◽  
Eleazar E. Reward ◽  
Sophia O. Muo
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv Infections

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.

scholarly journals “A matter of time”: Evidence-making temporalities of vaccine development in the COVID-19 media landscape

2021 ◽  
pp. 0961463X2110322
Author(s):  
Mia Harrison ◽  
Kari Lancaster ◽  
Tim Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Production ◽  
News Media ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Public Science ◽  
Communication Practices ◽  
Epistemic Object

This article investigates how evidence of the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines is enacted in news media via a focus on the temporality of vaccine development. We argue that time constitutes a crucial object of and mechanism for knowledge production in such media and investigate how time comes to matter in vaccine evidence-making communication practices. In science communication on vaccine development, the vaccine object (along with the practices through which it is produced) undergoes a material-discursive shift from an imagined “rushed” product to being many years in the making and uninhibited by unnecessarily lengthy processes. In both these enactments of vaccine development, time itself is constituted as evidence of vaccine efficacy and safety. This article traces how time (performed as both calendar time and as a series of relational events) is materialized as an affective and epistemic object of evidence within public science communication by analyzing the material-discursive techniques through which temporality is enacted within news media focused on the timeline of COVID-19 vaccine development. We contend that time (as evidence) is remade through these techniques as an ontopolitical concern within the COVID-19 vaccine assemblage. We furthermore argue that science communication itself is an important actor in the hinterland of public health practices with performative effects and vital evidence-making capacities.

Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance

2022 ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Dwivedi ◽  
Prashant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Life Threatening

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The global burden is estimated to be around 219 million cases in 87 countries. Natural compounds have been used primarily in the traditional medicine for thousands of years. For the treatment of malaria, natural products were used until the development of synthetic drugs, and most of the currently available anti-malarial drugs have been derived based on the compounds from these traditional medicinal plants. The current chapter tries to briefly indicate the emerging resistance against anti-malarial drugs and to discuss the recent research on natural products that have been evaluated for anti-malarial activity. Rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and safety of traditional medicines is required along with identification of active constituents in order to develop new drugs with novel mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Advancing vaccine development for gonorrhoea and the Global STI Vaccine Roadmap

Sexual Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami L. Gottlieb ◽  
Ann E. Jerse ◽  
Sinead Delany-Moretlwe ◽  
Carolyn Deal ◽  
Birgitte K. Giersing
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Membrane Vesicle ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Target Populations

Efforts to develop vaccines against Neisseria gonorrhoeae have become increasingly important, given the rising threat of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recent data suggest vaccines for gonorrhoea are biologically feasible; in particular, epidemiological evidence shows that vaccines against a closely related pathogen, serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines, may reduce gonorrhoea incidence. Vaccine candidates using several approaches are currently in preclinical development, including meningococcal and gonococcal OMV vaccines, a lipooligosaccharide epitope and purified protein subunit vaccines. The Global STI Vaccine Roadmap provides action steps to build on this technical momentum and advance gonococcal vaccine development. Better quantifying the magnitude of gonorrhoea-associated disease burden, for outcomes like infertility, and modelling the predicted role of gonococcal vaccines in addressing AMR will be essential for building a full public health value proposition, which can justify investment and help with decision making about future vaccine policy and programs. Efforts are underway to gain consensus on gonorrhoea vaccine target populations, implementation strategies and other preferred product characteristics that would make these vaccines suitable for use in low- and middle-income, as well as high-income, contexts. Addressing these epidemiological, programmatic and policy considerations in parallel to advancing research and development, including direct assessment of the ability of meningococcal B OMV vaccines to prevent gonorrhoea, can help bring about the development of viable gonococcal vaccines.

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis Spores as Vaccine Adjuvants: Further Insights into the Mechanisms of Action

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e87454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Damásio de Souza ◽  
Milene Tavares Batista ◽  
Wilson Barros Luiz ◽  
Rafael Ciro Marques Cavalcante ◽  
Jaime Henrique Amorim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants

scholarly journals BLV: lessons on vaccine development

Retrovirology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Abdala ◽  
Irene Alvarez ◽  
Hélène Brossel ◽  
Luis Calvinho ◽  
Hugo Carignano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Sterilizing Immunity

Abstract Vaccination against retroviruses is a challenge because of their ability to stably integrate into the host genome, undergo long-term latency in a proportion of infected cells and thereby escape immune response. Since clearance of the virus is almost impossible once infection is established, the primary goal is to achieve sterilizing immunity. Besides efficacy, safety is the major issue since vaccination has been associated with increased infection or reversion to pathogenicity. In this review, we discuss the different issues that we faced during the development of an efficient vaccine against bovine leukemia virus (BLV). We summarize the historical failures of inactivated vaccines, the efficacy and safety of a live-attenuated vaccine and the economical constraints of further industrial development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document