Vaccine adjuvants: role and mechanisms of action in vaccine immunogenicity

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that the synthetic peptide GK1, derived from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, enhances the immunogenicity of the commercial inactivated influenza vaccine Fluzone in both young and aged mice. In particular, antibody responses were much improved. Since GK1 is a peptide and is rapidly cleared from the body, it offers the possibility to improve vaccine performance without undesirable effects. This study was therefore designed to understand the mechanisms of action involved in the adjuvant properties of GK1. For this, transgenic mice expressing a T-cell receptor specific for an epitope from the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein were employed. The GK1 peptide significantly increased the in vivo proliferative response of HA-specific CD4+ T cells when it was coimmunized with the HA epitope. Dendritic cells treated in vitro with GK1 were capable of enhancing T-cell activation. Furthermore, in synergy with lipopolysaccharide, GK1 enhanced the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules of dendritic cells and promoted the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines upon antigen-driven T-cell interaction. These data provide important insights into the mechanism that underlies the GK1 adjuvant capacity observed previously and underline the feasibility of using the transgenic mouse model described herein as a tool for investigation of the modes of action of different influenza vaccine adjuvants.

Download Full-text

Interferon-α as Antiviral and Antitumor Vaccine Adjuvants: Mechanisms of Action and Response Signature

Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research ◽

10.1089/jir.2011.0077 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 235-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Eleonora Aricò ◽

Filippo Belardelli

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Interferon Α ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Antitumor Vaccine

Download Full-text

Author Correction: Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action

Nature Reviews Chemistry ◽

10.1038/s41570-021-00273-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carlo Pifferi ◽

Roberto Fuentes ◽

Alberto Fernández-Tejada

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Synthetic Carbohydrate ◽

Natural And Synthetic

Download Full-text

General characteristics of adjuvants and their mechanisms of action (part 2)

BIOpreparations Prevention Diagnosis Treatment ◽

10.30895/2221-996x-2021-21-1-20-30 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 20-30

Author(s):

N. А. Alpatova ◽

Zh. I. Avdeeva ◽

S. L. Lysikova ◽

O. V. Golovinskaya ◽

L. A. Gayderova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Development ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Subunit Vaccines ◽

Public Health Challenges ◽

Efficient Induction ◽

Is Development ◽

Effective Use ◽

New Vaccines

One of the major public health challenges today is development of new vaccines and technologies to optimize the vaccination process. There is a growing scientific interest in vaccine adjuvants that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. At present, numerous studies are underway to develop COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated and subunit vaccines which contain adjuvants for efficient induction of immune response and solid immunity. The aim of the study was to systematise literature related to the analysis of the structure, mechanisms of action and stimulating properties of vaccine adjuvants (synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, virosomes, polyoxidonium, sovidone), as well as to summarise data on the effects of adjuvants used in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development studies. The paper analyses the prospects for enhancing the stimulating effect of the adjuvants when used in combination with compounds having a different mechanism of action. It also analyses the results of studies of adjuvanted vaccines against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which may be useful when selecting adjuvants with optimal efficacy and safety profiles to be used in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development. It was concluded that understanding of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants that mediate their stimulating effect on the body’s immune system will contribute to safe and effective use of adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of both authorised and new vaccines.

Download Full-text

Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines and Other Medical Applications

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.625482 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Dylan J. Chand ◽

Royford B. Magiri ◽

Heather L. Wilson ◽

George K. Mutwiri

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Animal Species ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Present Review ◽

Medical Applications ◽

Large Animal ◽

Vaccine Adjuvants ◽

Adjuvant Activity ◽

Laboratory Rodents

Polyphosphazenes are a class of experimental adjuvants that have shown great versatility as vaccine adjuvants in many animal species ranging from laboratory rodents to large animal species. Their adjuvant activity has shown promising results with numerous viral and bacterial antigens, as well as with crude and purified antigens. Vaccines adjuvanted with polyphosphazenes can be delivered via systemic and mucosal administration including respiratory, oral, rectal, and intravaginal routes. Polyphosphazenes can be used in combination with other adjuvants, further enhancing immune responses to antigens. The mechanisms of action of polyphosphazenes have not fully been defined, but several systematic studies have suggested that they act primarily by activating innate immunity. In the present review, we will highlight progress in the development of polyphosphazenes as adjuvants in animals and their other medical applications.

Download Full-text

Case Formulation and Design of Behavioral Treatment Programs

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.19.3.164 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 164-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Stephen N. Haynes ◽

Andrew E. Williams

Keyword(s):

Functional Analysis ◽

Behavior Problems ◽

Behavioral Treatment ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Relative Magnitude ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Treatment Programs ◽

Case Formulation ◽

Functional Relations ◽

Causal Variables

Summary: We review the rationale for behavioral clinical case formulations and emphasize the role of the functional analysis in the design of individualized treatments. Standardized treatments may not be optimally effective for clients who have multiple behavior problems. These problems can affect each other in complex ways and each behavior problem can be influenced by multiple, interacting causal variables. The mechanisms of action of standardized treatments may not always address the most important causal variables for a client's behavior problems. The functional analysis integrates judgments about the client's behavior problems, important causal variables, and functional relations among variables. The functional analysis aids treatment decisions by helping the clinician estimate the relative magnitude of effect of each causal variable on the client's behavior problems, so that the most effective treatments can be selected. The parameters of, and issues associated with, a functional analysis and Functional Analytic Clinical Case Models (FACCM) are illustrated with a clinical case. The task of selecting the best treatment for a client is complicated because treatments differ in their level of specificity and have unequally weighted mechanisms of action. Further, a treatment's mechanism of action is often unknown.

Download Full-text