Endophytic Fungal Communities Associated with Vascular Plants in the High Arctic Zone Are Highly Diverse and Host-Plant Specific

AbstractThis article discusses radiocarbon dating results for soils and soil-like systems in the East Antarctic oases, including Schirmacher, Thala Hills, and Larsemann Hills. The organic matter of endolithic and hypolithic systems, soils of wind shelters, and soils under moss-algae vegetation were dated along with micro- and macroprofiles. Organic matter pools formed under extreme climatic conditions and originated not from vascular plants but from cryptogamic organisms, and photoautotrophic microbes have been identified within the oases of the East Antarctica. The organic matter of the most of East Antarctic soils is young and cannot reach a steady state because of the high dynamism in the soil cover due to active erosion. The oldest soil organic matter in East Antarctica was found in the soils formed in wind shelters and endolithic soil-like systems under the protection of consolidated rock surfaces. According to our data, the maximal duration for the formation of organic matter profiles within the oases of East Antarctica is ~500 yr, which is similar to the age determined for High Arctic soils in Eurasia. The absence of older soils, comparable with the Holocene deglaciation, can be due to the extreme conditions resulting in occasional catastrophic events that destroyed the soil organic horizons.

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Microscale pattern of vascular plant distribution in two high arctic plant communities

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b84-277 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (10) ◽

pp. 2033-2042 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

E. H. Sohlberg ◽

L. C. Bliss

Keyword(s):

Distribution Pattern ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Vascular Plant ◽

Extreme Environments ◽

Niche Differentiation ◽

Bare Soil ◽

High Arctic ◽

Plant Distribution ◽

Wind Speeds ◽

Point Quadrat

Microscale pattern is of crucial importance in determining the distribution of vascular plants in the extreme environments of the High Arctic. Point-quadrat analysis of the distribution of the vascular plants in a mesic cryptogam–herb meadow and a xeric Puccinellia barren found a nonrandom distribution of vascular species. Most species were found growing in moss turfs versus crustose lichen or bare soil surfaces in the meadow and in desiccation cracks in the barren. Two species showed an opposite distribution pattern in the meadow indicating that incipient niche differentiation occurs in the High Arctic. Quadrat sampling showed that seed distribution was random in the meadow and only slightly skewed toward cracks in the barren. Microsites appeared to be crucial to the seedling establishment and adult distribution pattern for Papaver radicatum but less important for Ranunculus sabinei. Microclimate analyses showed that soil temperatures were higher, wind speeds were lower, soil moisture content was greater, and nitrate levels were higher in the microsites usually preferred by plants.

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First records of Palaearctic Agromyzidae (Diptera) from 40 countries and major islands

Acta Musei Silesiae Scientiae Naturales ◽

10.2478/cszma-2020-0017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 193-229

Author(s):

Miloš Černý ◽

Michael von Tschirnhaus ◽

Kaj Winqvist

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

West Siberia ◽

High Arctic ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Palaearctic Region ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

Valid Species ◽

The Family ◽

First Time

Abstract First records of 151 species in the family Agromyzidae are presented for 40 countries and major islands in the Palaearctic Region (Russia being split into four subregions): from Afghanistan (1 sp.), Albania (15 spp.), Algeria (1 sp.), Andorra (2 spp.), Armenia (4 spp.), Austria (14 spp.), Balearic Islands (4 spp.), Canary Islands (2 spp.), China - Palaearctic part (2 spp.), Corsica (5 spp.), Crete (6 spp.), Croatia (16 spp.), Czech Republic (4 spp.), Dodekanese Islands incl. Rhodes (5 spp.), Egypt (1 sp.), European Russia (2 spp.), Finland (12 spp.), France (1 sp.), Georgia (1 sp.), Germany (14 spp.), Great Britain (2 spp.), Greece (4 spp.), Iceland (1 sp.), Iran (8 spp.), Israel (1 sp.), Italy (12 spp.), Jordan (6 spp.), Kyrgyzstan (6 spp.), Lithuania (2 spp.), Macedonia (2 spp.), Mongolia (2 spp.), Morocco (6 spp.), Netherlands (1 sp.), Norway (3 spp.), Oman (1 sp.), Poland (1 sp.), West Siberia (1 sp.), East Sibiria (3 spp.), Kamchatka (5 spp.), Sardinia (1 sp.), Slovakia (4 spp.), South Korea (13 spp.), Spain (10 spp.), Sweden (7 spp.), Switzerland (5 spp.) and Turkey (1 sp.). For a few species morphological details or plant genera from the collecting localities are added as possible host plants. Phytomyza parvicella (Coquillett, 1902) exhibits an extremely disjunct distribution, occurring in the high Arctic from Alaska to west Greenland and on the highest mountains of Germany and Poland. Other rare species with Boreo-alpine disjunctions are recorded. Cerodontha (Cerodontha) phragmitophila Hering, 1935 reached a tiny artificial patch of its host plant within the Sahara sand desert. The thermophilic mediterranean Phytoliriomyza pectoralis (Becker, 1908) was detected on the Swedish sun-blessed island Öland. Chromatomyia obscuriceps (Hendel, 1936) (emerged from Triticum crop) is specified as a valid species occurring from Iceland to Kamchatka. A new definition for Chromatomyia nigra (Meigen, 1830) sensu stricto is presented. The American Amauromyza (Cephalomyza) abnormalis (Malloch, 1913), a possible agent against the harmful neophyte Amaranthus retroflexus, was detected for the first time in the Palaearctic Region. Gnaphalium is attributed as a first detected host plant genus of Phytoliriomyza venustula Spencer, 1976.

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Plant traits and taxonomy drive host associations in tropical phyllosphere fungal communities

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2013-0194 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 303-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Steven W. Kembel ◽

Rebecca C. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Tree Species ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Fungal Community Composition ◽

Individual Tree

The aerial surface of plants, known as the phyllosphere, represents a widespread and diverse habitat for microbes, but the fungal communities colonizing the surface of leaves are not well characterized, and how these communities are assembled on hosts is unknown. We used high-throughput sequencing of fungal communities on the leaves of 51 tree species in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama to examine the influence of host plant taxonomy and traits on the fungi colonizing the phyllosphere. Fungal communities on leaves were dominated by the phyla Ascomycota (79% of all sequences), Basidiomycota (11%), and Chytridiomycota (5%). Host plant taxonomic identity explained more than half of the variation in fungal community composition across trees, and numerous host functional traits related to leaf morphology, leaf chemistry, and plant growth and mortality were significantly associated with fungal community structure. Differences in fungal biodiversity among hosts suggest that individual tree species support unique fungal communities and that diverse tropical forests also support a large number of fungal species. Similarities between phyllosphere and decomposer communities suggest that fungi inhabiting living leaves may have significant roles in ecosystem functioning in tropical forests.

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Diversity and distribution of fungal communities in the marine sediments of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (High Arctic)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep14524 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Tao Zhang ◽

Neng Fei Wang ◽

Yu Qin Zhang ◽

Hong Yu Liu ◽

Li Yan Yu

Keyword(s):

Marine Sediments ◽

High Arctic ◽

Fungal Communities

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Vascular plant communities of a polar oasis at Alexandra Fiord (79° N), Ellesmere Island, Canada

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b89-147 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 1126-1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

M. Muc ◽

B. Freedman ◽

J. Svoboda

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Plant Species ◽

Plant Community ◽

Plant Communities ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Vascular Plant ◽

Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽

High Arctic ◽

Ellesmere Island ◽

Community Types

A cluster analysis was used to apportion 136 stands in a High Arctic lowland among six vascular plant community types. These communities are described on the basis of the average prominence values of vascular species and the total cover of macroalgae, bryophytes, lichens, and vascular plants within the designated clusters of stands. The relationships among the community types was explored by a detrended correspondence analysis. The ordination of stands showed considerable floristic overlap among the most widespread plant communities on the lowland. This largely reflects the microtopographic heterogeneity of the sites, the relatively depauperate flora of the High Arctic, and the considerable ecological amplitude of the most prominent vascular plant species.

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THE BOTANY OF SOMERSET ISLAND, DISTRICT OF FRANKLIN

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b59-080 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 959-1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D. B. O. Savile

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

High Arctic ◽

Phenological Data ◽

History Of ◽

Low Arctic ◽

Somerset Island ◽

General Appearance

The geology, physiography, general appearance, climate and weather, and history of exploration of Somerset I. are discussed briefly. The principal habitats and the areas visited are described. Data are presented on prevailing winter wind directions on Somerset I. and Boothia Pen., drawn from observations on residual snowbanks and plant growth. A few phenological data are presented, which supply further evidence that spring development at low arctic sites lags behind that at both subarctic and high arctic sites. Annotated lists are given of the fungi (28 species) and vascular plants (90 species) collected. Among the fungi Puccinia helicalis sp. nov. on Pedicularis capitata, and Doassansia nearctica sp. nov. on Ranunculus hyperboreus are described; and Exobasidium warmingii, intermediate between Exobasidium and Kordyana, is made the type of Arcticomyces gen. nov. Thirty-two species of vascular plants are added to the recorded flora of the island.

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