An evaluation of emergency guidelines issued by the World Health Organization in response to four infectious disease outbreaks

Abstract The WHO African region is characterised by the largest infectious disease burden in the world. We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis using records of all infectious disease outbreaks formally reported to the WHO in 2018 by Member States of the African region. We analysed the spatio-temporal distribution, the notification delay as well as the morbidity and mortality associated with these outbreaks. In 2018, 96 new disease outbreaks were reported across 36 of the 47 Member States. The most commonly reported disease outbreak was cholera which accounted for 20.8% (n = 20) of all events, followed by measles (n = 11, 11.5%) and Yellow fever (n = 7, 7.3%). About a quarter of the outbreaks (n = 23) were reported following signals detected through media monitoring conducted at the WHO regional office for Africa. The median delay between the disease onset and WHO notification was 16 days (range: 0–184). A total of 107 167 people were directly affected including 1221 deaths (mean case fatality ratio (CFR): 1.14% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07%–1.20%)). The highest CFR was observed for diseases targeted for eradication or elimination: 3.45% (95% CI 0.89%–10.45%). The African region remains prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases. It is therefore critical that Member States improve their capacities to rapidly detect, report and respond to public health events.

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Rigorous surveillance is necessary for high confidence in end-of-outbreak declarations for Ebola and other infectious diseases

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0431 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 374 (1776) ◽

pp. 20180431 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robin N. Thompson ◽

Oliver W. Morgan ◽

Katri Jalava

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Decision Makers ◽

World Health ◽

Theme Issue ◽

Public Health Decision ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

Travel Restrictions ◽

Health Decision ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization considers an Ebola outbreak to have ended once 42 days have passed since the last possible exposure to a confirmed case. Benefits of a quick end-of-outbreak declaration, such as reductions in trade/travel restrictions, must be balanced against the chance of flare-ups from undetected residual cases. We show how epidemiological modelling can be used to estimate the surveillance level required for decision-makers to be confident that an outbreak is over. Results from a simple model characterizing an Ebola outbreak suggest that a surveillance sensitivity (i.e. case reporting percentage) of 79% is necessary for 95% confidence that an outbreak is over after 42 days without symptomatic cases. With weaker surveillance, unrecognized transmission may still occur: if the surveillance sensitivity is only 40%, then 62 days must be waited for 95% certainty. By quantifying the certainty in end-of-outbreak declarations, public health decision-makers can plan and communicate more effectively.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’. This issue is linked with the earlier theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’.

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Profil Penderita Morbus Hansen di Rawat Inap RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode 2016-2018

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.8.1.2020.27139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Deivy A. Makalew ◽

Grace M. Kapantow ◽

Herry E. J. Pandaleke

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Mycobacterium Leprae ◽

Electrolyte Imbalance ◽

World Health ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Age Group ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract: Morbus Hansen (MH) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization data showed that in 2018, Indonesia was the third rank in the world with incidences of 17,017 cases. This study was aimed to determine the profile of MH patients at Irina F-Dermatovenereology of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was a descriptive retrospective study by evaluating medical record files of MH patients hospitalized at Irina F-Dermatovenereology, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that the distribution of MH patients in 2016-2018 was 14 patients, 20 patients, and 18 patients respectively. Most patients were in the age group of 25-34 years (38.46%). Males were more common than females (4.8:1). Most patients were from Manado. All patients had multibacillary (MB) type MH and ENL was the most common reaction (86.54%). The comorbidities were gastrointestinal disorders, electrolyte imbalance, and anemia. In conclusion, the number of hospitalized MH patients was slightly increased from 2016 to 2017 and then was decreased insignificantly in 2018. Most patients were male, in the age group of 25-34 years, came from Manado, multibacillary type MH, had ENL reaction and comorbidity of gastrointestinal disorders.Keywords: Morbus Hansen, hospitalized patients Abstrak: Morbus Hansen (MH) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae. Data World Health Organization (WHO) pada tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menempati peringkat ketiga di dunia dengan jumlah kasus baru mencapai 17.017 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penderita MH di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialaht deskriptif retrospektif dengan cara mengevaluasi berkas rekam medis penderita MH yang dirawat inap di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada periode 2016-2018. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan distribusi penderita MH pada tahun 2016 sebanyak 14 pasien, tahun 2017 sebanyak 20 pasien, dan tahun 2018 yaitu 18 pasien. Kelompok usia terbanyak ialah 25-34 tahun (38,46%). Penderita laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan perem-puan (4,8:1). Penderita terbanyak berasal dari Kota Manado. Semua penderita memiliki MH tipe Multibasiler (MB). Reaksi ENL merupakan tipe reaksi yang terbanyak (86,54%). Penyakit penyerta yang banyak didapati ialah gangguan gastrointestinal, gangguan elektrolit dan anemia. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah penderita MH yang dirawat inap mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2016 sampai 2017, sedikit menurun pada tahun 2018 namun tidak bermakna. Penderita yang terbanyak ialah kelompok usia 25-34 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki, asal Kota Manado, MH tipe Multibasiler (MB), reaksi tipe ENL, penyakit penyerta gangguan gastrointestinal.Kata kunci: Morbus Hansen, pasien rawat inap

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Developing an Online Infectious Disease Outbreak Database: Codifying the World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News reports

10.21203/rs.3.rs-33473/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca Katz ◽

Colin J Carlson ◽

Munir C Pavez ◽

Jessica Lin ◽

Max A Palys ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Primary Source ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

World Health ◽

Health Priorities ◽

Current Form ◽

Reporting Practices ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

The World

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News (DONs) reports are the world’s primary source of official information on global disease outbreaks. Access to this information is crucial for informing research analyses, global health priorities, and decision making. However, in its current form, the utility of the DONs reports for research and analysis is limited as a result of their reporting format. To this end, we designed a standardized methodology for codifying the data contained in DONs reports and created an online, searchable database. Methods: We coded DONs reports published between the years 1996 and 2019, systematically collecting data from each individual report using a standardized methodology and tabulating data into a single spreadsheet. We created a Year-Pathogen-Country taxonomy to group related disease events and circumvent issues related to reporting inconsistencies in DONs reports.Results: In total, we reviewed 2,806 DONs reports corresponding to 1,105 unique infectious disease outbreaks from 1996-2019. Overall, H5N1 represented the most frequently reported disease, while China was the country with the most reports. We observed the DONs reports to contain numerous issues relating to the standardization, accuracy, and transparency of reporting procedures.Conclusions: Our database represents a new, accessible resource for research that improves the accessibility of the data contained in DONs reports. The World Health Organization should consider standardizing reporting practices, protocols, and procedures as a means of improving the reporting and transparency of infectious disease outbreaks.Trial Registration: N/A

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ASPEK HUKUM PELAKSANAAN VAKSINASI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA

Prosiding SENAPENMAS ◽

10.24912/psenapenmas.v0i0.15162 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1263

Author(s):

Stephanie PD ◽

Enjelina S ◽

Angelica MF ◽

Imelda Martinelli

Keyword(s):

Disease Outbreaks ◽

World Health ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

Presidential Decree ◽

The Government ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Right

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the 2019-nCoV type of corona virus as a pandemic of a new type of disease spread throughout the world, this is not only a public health case, but will touch every sector. The COVID-19 (cov-19) pandemic has resulted in an emergency for the healthy condition of the Indonesian people, so President Joko Widodo has issued Presidential Decree No. 11/2020. In "procuring vaccines and implementing vaccinations for the prevention of the COVID-19 pandemic" President Joko Widodo stipulates Presidential Decree No. 14/2021. In choosing health facilities and infrastructure independently & responsibly, every human being has the right to choose according to his wishes, due to the pandemic conditions that concern the interests of the people and the state, so giving vaccinations is actually voluntary because emergency conditions can be forced. Although there is already a legal umbrella for Law No. 4/1984: "Infectious Disease Outbreaks" and Law No. 6/2018: "Health Quarantine", many in the field agree and vice versa on the implementation of vaccination in the community. The purpose of the study is to understand the nature of the administration of the corona vaccine according to the laws and regulations adopted and the factors that occur in society. Using a normative method with a qualitative approach. Giving vaccines to the community is forced. limited availability of vaccines; there are those who support there are those who are antipathy from the community regarding the implementation of vaccination; uneven distribution. The reason for the community's refusal to receive the Covid-19 vaccine is due to different trusts, this is supported by the lack of communication channels as well as the delivery of information that is not well targeted, the data on the type of vaccine is limited in information, the availability of the Covid-19 vaccine, as well as safe conditions. The government should fully support the Nusantara vaccine and the Merah Putih vaccine developed by Indonesian researchers. World Health Organizatioan (WHO) mendefinisikan Virus corona jenis Virus 2019-nCoV sebagai pandemi jenis penyebaran penyakit baru keseluruh dunia, hal ini bukan hanya kasus kesehatan masyarakat, tapi akan menyentuh setiap sektor. Pandemi covid-19(cov-19) mengakibatkan kedaruratan kondisi sehat khalayak Indonesia, sehingga Presiden Joko Widodo menetapkan KeppresNo.11/2020. Dalam “pengadaan vaksin dan pelaksanaan vaksinasi untuk penanggulangan pandemi covid-19” Presiden Joko widodo menetapkan Perpres No.14/2021. Dalam memilih sarana juga prasarana kesehatan secara mandiri & bertangggungjawab tiap manusia punya hak memilih sesuai dengan keinginannya, berhubung kondisi pandemi yang menyangkut kepentingan rakyat dan negara lebih diutamakan, jadi pemberian vaksinasi yang sebenaranya bersifat volunteer karena kondisi darurat bisa bersifat dipaksakan. Meskipun sudah ada payung hukum UU No.4/1984:”Wabah Penyakit Menular” serta UU No.6/2018:“Kekarantinaan Kesehatan”, tapi dilapangan banyak yang setuju dan sebaliknya pada pelaksanaan vaksinasi dimasyarakat. Tujuan penelitian untuk memahami sifat dari pemberian vaksin corona menurut peraturan perundangan yang dianut dan faktor- faktor yang terjadi di masyarakat. Memakai metode normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pemberian vaksin kepada masyarakat bersifat memaksa. keterbatasan ketersedian vaksin; ada yang mendukung ada yang antipati dari masyarakat terkait pelaksanaan vaksinasi; penyaluran yang tidak merata. Alasan penolakan masyarakat dalam menerima vaksin Covid-19 dikarenakan adanya trust yang berbeda, hal ini didukung kurangnya alur komunikasi juga cara penyampaian informasi yang kurang tepat sasaran, data jenis vaksin terbatas informasinya, ketersediaan vaksinCov-19, juga syarat aman. Pemerintah selayaknya mendukung penuh vaksin Nusantara dan vaksin Merah Putih yang dikembangkan para peneliti Indonesia.

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A Case of Covid-19 Patient Presenting with Gastrointestinal-Specific Symptoms in Indonesia

The Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Digestive Endoscopy ◽

10.24871/2122020153-157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 153-157

Author(s):

Daniel Martin Simadibrata ◽

Cleopas Martin Rumende ◽

Rahmad Mulyadi ◽

Marcellus Simadibrata

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Atypical Presentations ◽

Specific Symptoms

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease officially declared as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indonesia’s COVID-19 case fatality rate remain consistently high, approximately twice the global case fatality rate available. Patients typically present with fever, dry cough and dyspnea. However, there were reports of atypical COVID-19 symptoms such as myalgia, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. These atypical presentations were suggested to indicate a more severe COVID-19. Here, we present a case of COVID-19 patient presenting with gastrointestinal-specific symptoms in Indonesia.

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Health and Infectious Disease

The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560103.003.0033 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 581-591

Author(s):

Gian Luca Burci

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

World Health Organization ◽

International Cooperation ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

World Health ◽

International Dimension ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

This article reviews the main international and institutional legal aspects of cooperation in the fight against the plague of infectious diseases. It makes a particular reference to the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other agencies of the UN system. This article underscores the intrinsically international dimension of the realization of the essential importance of international cooperation.

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Describing a COVID-19 Case and Presenting the Proposed Plan to Recovery

Al-Nahrain Journal of Science ◽

10.22401/anjs.00.5.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (5) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

Ahmed Nadhmi Al-Doori ◽

◽

Dina S. Ahmed ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Growing Up ◽

The World ◽

Current Outbreak ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Coronavirus Infections

The current outbreak of serious respiratory syndrome (aka COVID-19) has resulted from a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). This infectious disease was classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) because it threatens public health and life worldwide. Recently, restrictions in many countries are applied to detect the infected individuals, isolate them, and attempt to find appropriate treatments that can help decrease the disease’s severe symptoms. Regardless of the conducted efforts, the number of reported cases of coronavirus infections is still growing up.

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