A Case of Covid-19 Patient Presenting with Gastrointestinal-Specific Symptoms in Indonesia

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease officially declared as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indonesia’s COVID-19 case fatality rate remain consistently high, approximately twice the global case fatality rate available. Patients typically present with fever, dry cough and dyspnea. However, there were reports of atypical COVID-19 symptoms such as myalgia, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. These atypical presentations were suggested to indicate a more severe COVID-19. Here, we present a case of COVID-19 patient presenting with gastrointestinal-specific symptoms in Indonesia.

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27590 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Suaad Ameen Moghalles ◽

Basher Ahmed Aboasba ◽

Mohammed Abdullah Alamad ◽

Yousef Saleh Khader

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Age Group ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Probable Case ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and the collapse of the health system in Yemen, which prevented many people from accessing health facilities to obtain primary health care, vaccination coverage was affected, leading to a deadly diphtheria epidemic at the end of 2017. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen and determine its incidence and case fatality rate. METHODS Data were obtained from the diphtheria surveillance program 2017-2018, using case definitions of the World Health Organization. A probable case was defined as a case involving a person having laryngitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose. A confirmed case was defined as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed or linked epidemiologically to a laboratory-confirmed case. Data from the Central Statistical Organization was used to calculate the incidence per 100,000 population. A <i>P</i> value <.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 2243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% (1090/2243, 48.6%) of the cases were males. About 44% (978/2243, 43.6%) of the cases involved children aged 5 to 15 years. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptom (2044/2243, 91.1%), followed by pseudomembrane (1822/2243, 81.2%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentages of partially vaccinated, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown status patients were 6.6% (148/2243), 30.8% (690/2243), 48.6% (10902243), and 14.0% (315/2243), respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 population. The highest incidence was among the age group <15 years (11 per 100,000 population), and the lowest incidence was among the age group ≥15 years (5 per 100,000 population). The overall case fatality rate among all age groups was 5%, and it was higher (10%) in the age group <5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access (Raymah, Abyan, Sa'ada, Lahj, and Al Jawf) had a very high case fatality rate (22%). CONCLUSIONS Diphtheria affected a large number of people in Yemen in 2017-2018. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children aged ≤15 years were more affected, with higher fatality among children aged <5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access had a case fatality rate twice that of the World Health Organization estimate (5%-10%). To control the diphtheria epidemic in Yemen, it is recommended to increase routine vaccination coverage and booster immunizations, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria, and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response.

Download Full-text

PNEUMONIA : EPIDEMIOLOGI, FAKTOR RISIKO PADA BALITA

10.31237/osf.io/adn5z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

WURI RATNA HIDAYANI

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Virus Diseases ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Health Organization

Kasus pneumonia misterius yang belum diketahui etiologinya dilaporkan pada akhir Desember 2019 di Tiongkok. Terjadi lonjakan kasus dalam waktu relative singkat pasien pneumonia berjumlah 44 pasien dan terus meningkat menjadi ribuan kasus. Kasus ini kemudian diidentifikasikan ke dalam kasus Novel Corona Virus Diseases 19 (COVID 19) (Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia, 2020). Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan bahwa hasil diagnosis tes Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) negative dengan tanda klinis infeksi COVID 19 di Kazakhstan dikelompokkan ke dalam perhitungan total COVID 19, pernyataan ini disiarkan sejak tanggal 1 Agustus 2020 dengan laporan adanya kasus pneumonia dengan gejala klinis COVID 19 sebanyak 13.121 kasus dengan kematian sebanyak 152 kematian sehingga Case Fatality Rate (CFR) sebesar 1,16% (Xinshua, 2020). Pada Tahun 2015 di dunia kasus pneumonia mencapai 920.000 jiwa setiap tahunnya dengan arti bahwa ada 2 balita meninggal setiap menitnya. Menurut WHO (2017) menyatakan bahwa terdapat 25.481 kematian karena pernafasan akut atau 17% dari seluruh kematian dunia dan Indonesia merupakan peringkat 7 dunia pada kasus pneumonia (Newswire, 2019).

Download Full-text

VAKSINASI MASAL COVID-19 DI UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MATARAM KOTA MATARAM PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan ◽

10.31764/jpmb.v5i1.6094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 713

Author(s):

Evi Diliana Rospia ◽

Dwi Kartika Cahyaningtyas ◽

Desi Rofita ◽

Cahaya Indah Lestari ◽

Ni Wayan Ari Adi Putri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

First Case ◽

Difficulty Breathing ◽

Health Organization

ABSTRAKNovel coronavirus 2019 atau virus corona sindrom pernafasan akut parah yang disebut COVID-19. Gejala klinis utama yang muncul yaitu demam, batuk dan kesulitan bernapas. World Health Organization (WHO) melaporkan 11.84.226 kasus konfirmasi dengan 545.481 kematian di seluruh dunia (Case Fatality Rate/CFR 4,6%). Di Indonesia kasus meningkat dan menyebar dengan cepat, kasus pertama pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020, pada tanggal 9 Juli 2020 Kementerian Kesehatan melaporkan 70.736 kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 dengan 3.417 kasus meninggal (CFR 4,8%). Kegiatan vaksinasi masal ini bertujuan terbentuknya herd immunity (kekebalan kelompok) dan berkurangnya angka kematian akibat COVID-19 pada masyarakat. Kegiatan vaksinasi masal dilaksanakan di Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram Kota Mataram Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan jenis vaksin yang digunakan pada kegiatan vaksinasi masal ini adalah Sinovac. Jumlah responden yang mengikuti kegiatan ini sebanyak 1.000 orang. Hasil pengabdian didapatkan jumlah yang melakukan vaksinasi sebanyak 1000 orang yang terdiri dari masyarakat umum dan karyawan Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram. Kata kunci: vaksinasi; covid-19; komunitas; indonesia. ABSTRACTNovel coronavirus 2019 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus called COVID-19. The main symptoms that appear are fever, cough and difficulty breathing. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports 11,84,226 confirmed cases with 545,481 deaths worldwide (Case Fatality Rate/CFR 4.6%) In Indonesia cases are increasing and spreading rapidly, the first case on March 2, 2020, on July 9 2020 The Ministry of Health reported 70,736 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 3,417 deaths (CFR 4.8%). This mass vaccination activity aims to form herd immunity and reduce the death rate due to COVID-19 in the community. The mass vaccination activity was carried out at the Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, and the type of vaccine used in this mass vaccination activity was Sinovac. The number of respondents who participated in this activity was 1,000 people. The results of the service found that the number of people who vaccinated was 1000 people consisting of the general public and employees of the Muhammadiyah University of Mataram. Keywords: vaccination; covid-19; community; indonesia.

Download Full-text

COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2: a Brief Review on the Origins, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2020.0040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Anamaria Ioana PAȘTIU ◽

Vlad COCOSTÎRC ◽

Carmen TURCU ◽

Felix LUCACI ◽

Dana Liana PUSTA

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Professional ◽

General Population ◽

Sharp Increase ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Human Coronavirus ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

December 2019 was marked by the emergence of a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, which causes a variety of symptoms, commonly known as COVID-19. The high contagiousness, rapid worldwide spread and case fatality rate have led to a sharp increase in number of infected persons and related deaths, which subsequently resulted in the recognition of the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is an ongoing challenge not only for the healthcare professional but also for the general population. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the currently available data on COVID-19 regarding the origins, pathogenesis and epidemiology.

Download Full-text

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.20886 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Youssef Kada

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Doubling Time ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Therapeutic Protocol ◽

First Case ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

Download Full-text

Safety and Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2021.23141 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 1718-1722

Author(s):

Alberto Boretti

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Severe Pneumonia ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Late Infection ◽

Western Countries ◽

Asymptomatic Patients ◽

Overwhelming Evidence ◽

Health Organization

This work summarizes the available evidence of the use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most of the published works indicate CQ/HCQ is likely effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection, almost 100% in prophylaxis and mild-medium severity cases and 60% in late infection cases. The percentage of positive works is larger if those works conducted under a probable conflict of interest are excluded from the list. Despite this overwhelming evidence from independent studies, the use of CQ/HCQ is currently limited or prevented in many western countries, based on a very singular examination of the science. The case of a work published in late May 2020, despite being openly defective and then retracted, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to ban the use of CQ/HCQ. This position has not yet rectified, thanks to the results of the not less questionable RECOVERY trial, where very sick patients were administered more than double the dose, over more than double the time, recommended for asymptomatic patients in current protocols of other countries, where CQ/HCQ are used for asymptomatic and mild but not severe pneumonia critically ill patients. While the case fatality rate does not depend only on therapies, it is finally shown based on the number of cases and fatalities per million and the case fatality rate as the western countries enforcing the ban on CQ/HCQ did not perform better, but much worse, than other countries, also because of therapies.

Download Full-text

An evaluation of emergency guidelines issued by the World Health Organization in response to four infectious disease outbreaks

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0198125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. e0198125 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Susan L. Norris ◽

Veronica Ivey Sawin ◽

Mauricio Ferri ◽

Laura Raques Sastre ◽

Teegwendé V. Porgo

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

World Health ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Download Full-text

The influence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on national case fatality rates

10.1101/2021.08.10.21261870 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William A. Barletta

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Quantitative Measure ◽

The United States ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Wide Spread ◽

The Face ◽

Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundDuring 2021 several new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared with both increased levels of transmissibility and virulence with respect to the original wild variant. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variation, first seen in India, dominates COVID-19 infections in several large countries including the United States and India. Most recently, the Lambda variant of interest with increased resistance to vaccines has spread through much of South America.ObjectiveThis research explores the degree to which new variants of concern 1) generate spikes and waves of fluctuations in the daily case fatality rates (CFR) across countries in several regions in the face of increasing levels of vaccination of national populations and 2) may increase the vulnerability of persons with certain comorbidities.MethodsThis study uses new, openly available, epidemiological statistics reported to the relevant national and international authorities for countries across the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Daily CFRs and correlations of fatal COVID-19 infections with potential cofactors are computed for the first half of 2021 that has been dominated by the wide spread of several “variants of concern” as denoted by the World Health Organization.ResultsThe analysis yields a new quantitative measure of the temporal dynamics of mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infections in the form of variations of a proxy case fatality rate compared on a country to-country basis in the same region. It also finds minimal variation of correlation between the cofactors based on WHO data and on the average apparent case fatality rate.

Download Full-text

Profil Penderita Morbus Hansen di Rawat Inap RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode 2016-2018

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.8.1.2020.27139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Deivy A. Makalew ◽

Grace M. Kapantow ◽

Herry E. J. Pandaleke

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Mycobacterium Leprae ◽

Electrolyte Imbalance ◽

World Health ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Age Group ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract: Morbus Hansen (MH) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization data showed that in 2018, Indonesia was the third rank in the world with incidences of 17,017 cases. This study was aimed to determine the profile of MH patients at Irina F-Dermatovenereology of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was a descriptive retrospective study by evaluating medical record files of MH patients hospitalized at Irina F-Dermatovenereology, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that the distribution of MH patients in 2016-2018 was 14 patients, 20 patients, and 18 patients respectively. Most patients were in the age group of 25-34 years (38.46%). Males were more common than females (4.8:1). Most patients were from Manado. All patients had multibacillary (MB) type MH and ENL was the most common reaction (86.54%). The comorbidities were gastrointestinal disorders, electrolyte imbalance, and anemia. In conclusion, the number of hospitalized MH patients was slightly increased from 2016 to 2017 and then was decreased insignificantly in 2018. Most patients were male, in the age group of 25-34 years, came from Manado, multibacillary type MH, had ENL reaction and comorbidity of gastrointestinal disorders.Keywords: Morbus Hansen, hospitalized patients Abstrak: Morbus Hansen (MH) merupakan penyakit infeksi kronik yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium leprae. Data World Health Organization (WHO) pada tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menempati peringkat ketiga di dunia dengan jumlah kasus baru mencapai 17.017 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penderita MH di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialaht deskriptif retrospektif dengan cara mengevaluasi berkas rekam medis penderita MH yang dirawat inap di Irina F Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada periode 2016-2018. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan distribusi penderita MH pada tahun 2016 sebanyak 14 pasien, tahun 2017 sebanyak 20 pasien, dan tahun 2018 yaitu 18 pasien. Kelompok usia terbanyak ialah 25-34 tahun (38,46%). Penderita laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan perem-puan (4,8:1). Penderita terbanyak berasal dari Kota Manado. Semua penderita memiliki MH tipe Multibasiler (MB). Reaksi ENL merupakan tipe reaksi yang terbanyak (86,54%). Penyakit penyerta yang banyak didapati ialah gangguan gastrointestinal, gangguan elektrolit dan anemia. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah penderita MH yang dirawat inap mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2016 sampai 2017, sedikit menurun pada tahun 2018 namun tidak bermakna. Penderita yang terbanyak ialah kelompok usia 25-34 tahun, jenis kelamin laki-laki, asal Kota Manado, MH tipe Multibasiler (MB), reaksi tipe ENL, penyakit penyerta gangguan gastrointestinal.Kata kunci: Morbus Hansen, pasien rawat inap

Download Full-text

Trend of case fatality rate during first 30 days of COVID-19 epidemic; the example of Iran

Journal of Preventive Epidemiology ◽

10.34172/jpe.2020.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e05-e05

Author(s):

Khatereh Anbari ◽

Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi ◽

Mitra Elmi

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

World Health ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Scientific Databases ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Descriptive Approach ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Health Organization

Introduction: One of the unusual aspects in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is changing case fatality rate (CFR) in different time series. Many researchers are trying to find the reasons of this variability. Objectives: This study aimed to present a model for a 30-day trend of CFR in any infectious disease epidemic using the example of COVID-19 in Iran. Patients and Methods: As a case study, we tried to use statistical mining of scientific databases. A descriptive approach with quantitative tools was conducted. The World Health Organization (WHO) database was used to access daily reports of CFR. Funnel plot and Z score were used to study and graph the trend. Results: During this period of time, a total of 20610 cases were confirmed based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among them, 1556 individuals died. Therefore, CFR was calculated as 7.549% (95% confidence intervals 7.189%-7.910%). This frequency was considered as the pooled frequency. Daily CFR with 95% CI was compared with the pooled frequency. Conclusion: In our case, the epidemic was started from high CFR due to low number of cases and testing only highly suspicious individuals. Then, the CFR was reduced due to increased number of patients and improvement in screening. Finally, CFR went back to its moderate rate due to the addition of the death numbers related to the cases of previous days.

Download Full-text