Identification and expression analysis of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase isoform genes and determination of allicin contents in Allium species

Thiosulfinates are a major compound found in most allium plant. Garlic, an allium species shows its potential to inhibit microbial and enzyme activity. The usage of garlic is widely known especially in the agriculture field. Thiosulfinates are formed by reaction of alliinase enzyme from their respective S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide after the crushing process of the garlic cloves. The stability of the garlic extract has been tested at variations of temperatures and pH values at different incubation time in terms of concentration (mM). After consecutive 4 hour incubation, thiols show higher concentration at temperature 30-35°C. The minimum concentration shows 22% reduction from the original thiols reading. Meanwhile, pH values of 2 (acidic) at 35°C gives higher thiols concentration compared to other conditions.

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Identification and Expression Analysis of Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) in Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) During Postharvest Process

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8110473 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 473 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zengyu Gan ◽

Liuying Fei ◽

Nan Shan ◽

Yongqi Fu ◽

Jinyin Chen

Keyword(s):

Expression Analysis ◽

Promoter Activity ◽

Gene Families ◽

Functional Verification ◽

Fruit Softening ◽

Actinidia Chinensis ◽

Ethylene Receptor ◽

Softening Process ◽

Auxin Analogue

In plants, the Gretchen GH3 (GH3) protein is involved in free auxin (IAA) and amino acid conjugation, thus controlling auxin homeostasis. To date, many GH3 gene families have been identified from different plant species. However, the GH3 gene family in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) has not been reported. In this study, 12 AcGH3 genes were identified, phylogenetic analysis of AtGH3 (Arabidopsis), SlGH3 (Solanum lycopersicum), and AcGH3 provided insights into various orthologous relationships among these proteins, which were categorized into three groups. Expression analysis of AcGH3 genes at different postharvest stages suggested limited or no role for most of the AcGH3 genes at the initiation of fruit ripening. AcGH3.1 was the only gene exhibiting ripening-associated expression. Further study showed that the expression of AcGH3.1 gene was induced by NAA (1-naphthylacetic acid, auxin analogue) and inhibited by 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene, ethylene receptor inhibitor), respectively. AcGH3.1 gene silencing inhibited gene expression and delayed fruit softening in kiwifruit. The results indicate that AcGH3.1 may play an important role in the softening process of fruits. Analysis of the AcGH3.1 promoter revealed the presence of many cis-elements related to hormones, light, and drought. The determination of GUS (β-Galactosidase) enzyme activity revealed that promoter activity increased strikingly upon abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, or NAA treatment, and significantly decreased with salicylic acid (SA) treatment. The present study could help in the identification of GH3 genes and revelation of AcGH3.1 gene function during postharvest stages, which pave the way for further functional verification of the AcGH3.1 gene.

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