scholarly journals Quantifying myelin content in brain tissue using color Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (cSLIM)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241084
Author(s):  
Michael Fanous ◽  
Megan P. Caputo ◽  
Young Jae Lee ◽  
Laurie A. Rund ◽  
Catherine Best-Popescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Tissue Lipids ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Brain

Deficient myelination of the brain is associated with neurodevelopmental delays, particularly in high-risk infants, such as those born small in relation to their gestational age (SGA). New methods are needed to further study this condition. Here, we employ Color Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (cSLIM), which uses a brightfield objective and RGB camera to generate pathlength-maps with nanoscale sensitivity in conjunction with a regular brightfield image. Using tissue sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue, the myelin structures were segmented from a brightfield image. Using a binary mask, those portions were quantitatively analyzed in the corresponding phase maps. We first used the CLARITY method to remove tissue lipids and validate the sensitivity of cSLIM to lipid content. We then applied cSLIM to brain histology slices. These specimens are from a previous MRI study, which demonstrated that appropriate for gestational age (AGA) piglets have increased internal capsule myelination (ICM) compared to small for gestational age (SGA) piglets and that a hydrolyzed fat diet improved ICM in both. The identity of samples was blinded until after statistical analyses.

scholarly journals Quantifying myelin content in brain tissue using color spatial light interference microscopy (cSLIM)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fanous ◽  
Megan P. Caputo ◽  
Young Jae Lee ◽  
Laurie A. Rund ◽  
Catherine Best-Popescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Tissue Lipids ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTDeficient myelination of the brain is associated with neurodevelopmental delays, particularly in high-risk infants, such as those born small in relation to their gestational age (SGA). New methods are needed to further study this condition. Here, we employ Color Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (cSLIM), which uses a brightfield objective and RGB camera to generate pathlength-maps with nanoscale sensitivity in conjunction with a regular brightfield image. Using tissue sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue, the myelin structures were segmented from a brightfield image. Using a binary mask, those portions were quantitatively analyzed in the corresponding phase maps. We first used the CLARITY method to remove tissue lipids and validate the sensitivity of cSLIM to lipid content. We then applied cSLIM to brain histology slices. These specimens are from a previous MRI study, which demonstrated that appropriate for gestational age (AGA) piglets have increased internal capsule myelination (ICM) compared to small for gestational age (SGA) piglets and that a hydrolyzed fat diet improved ICM in both. The identity of samples was blinded until after statistical analyses.

scholarly journals Placental expression of FADS1, FADS2, FADS3 desaturases in selected pregnancy pathologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Bobiński ◽  
Urszula Mazurek ◽  
Nikola Zmarzły ◽  
Izabela Ulman-Włodarz ◽  
Mieczysław Dutka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
A Site

Abstract Background: The period of intrauterine development is a key period in human development. Its progress largely depends on the function of the placenta, which is responsible for the transportation and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Desaturation enzymes play a key role in placental fatty acid metabolism. The expression of genes coding for desaturases may be associated with pregnancy abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine the transcriptional activity of the placental genes Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1), Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) in women who gave birth to: appropriate for gestational age (AGA), large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth (PTB) infants. Method: The study took place at the Tychy Specialist Hospital in Poland. 34 pregnant women aged 21-37 years old took part. The placental samples were taken from a site about 2-3 cm away from the umbilical cord attachment. The collected tissue sections were stored, according to the manufacturer’s protocol, in RNAlater (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), until required for molecular analysis. The expression profile of FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3 was determined by RT-qPCR. Results: In terms of the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, there was no difference in the expression between the groups. However, differences in the expression of the FADS3 gene were found. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of the FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3 genes in most of the examined groups showed significant differences. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the transcriptional activity of genes changes with the severity of intrauterine disorders and is associated with foetal lipid disorders linked to a greater accumulation of fat in the foetal tissues.

Neurological development may be accelerated in growth-restricted fetuses: a 4D ultrasound study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Mori ◽  
Kenji Kanenishi ◽  
Mohamed Ahmed Mostafa AboEllail ◽  
Emiko Nitta ◽  
Toshiyuki Hata
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neurological Development ◽  
4D Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Larger Sample

Abstract Objective To assess whether neurological maturation and development are accelerated in fetal growth restriction (FGR) in utero using four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound. Methods The facial expressions of 50 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and 34 FGR fetuses aged between 28 and 35 gestational weeks were assessed using 4D ultrasound. Subsequently, they were differentiated into two gestational age groups (19 aged 28–31 weeks and 31 aged 32–35 weeks in AGA, and 15 aged 28–31 weeks and 19 aged 32–35 weeks in FGR). Fifteen-minute recordings were made, and the frequencies of seven facial expressions during that time were examined. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the changing number of significant correlations with advancing gestation in each group. Results Out of 21 combinations of facial expressions at 28–31 and 32–35 gestational weeks in AGA fetuses, there was only three significant correlations. Similarly, only one was noted out of 21 combinations at 28–31 gestational weeks, but there were seven significant correlations in FGR fetuses at 32–35 weeks (P=0.018). However, there was no significant difference in the number of correlations of facial expressions between AGA (3/21) and FGR (7/21) fetuses at 32–35 weeks of gestation (P=0.147). Conclusion Our results suggest that the number of significant correlations of fetal facial expressions in FGR fetuses increases more compared with that in AGA fetuses at 32–35 weeks of gestation. Due to the acceleration of neurological maturation and development in FGR fetuses, the control of facial expressions by the brain may be more evident compared with AGA fetuses at 32–35 weeks of gestation. However, the data and their interpretation in the present study should be taken with some degree of caution because of the small number of subjects studied. Further studies involving a larger sample size are needed to obtain strong or additional evidence.

ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
H. Peter Chase ◽  
N. Noreen Welch ◽  
Carol S. Dabiere ◽  
N. S. Vasan ◽  
L. Joseph Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Myelin Lipids ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
The Brain

Analyses of brains from six infants whose birth weights were "small for gestational age" (SGA) and ten infants whose birth weights were ‘appropriate for gestational age" (AGA) show the cerebellum to be the area of the brain most greatly affected by intrauterine underdevelopment. The SGA cerebellar weight was reduced 37% and cellularity 35%, compared to reductions of only 21% and 19% for weight and cellularity in the remainder of the brain. The myelin lipids, cerebroside and sulfatide, were significantly reduced (p < .01) in concentration or total quantity in the brains of SGA infants, in contrast to phospholipids, cholesterol, and gangliosides which did not show a similar reduction. Galactolipid sulfotransferase activity, important in sulfatide formation, was also significantly reduced (p < .01) in the brains from SGA infants.

scholarly journals Monitoring Reactivation of Latent HIV by Label-Free Gradient Light Interference Microscopy

iScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 102940
Author(s):  
Neha Goswami ◽  
Yiyang Lu ◽  
Mikhail E. Kandel ◽  
Michael J. Fanous ◽  
Kathrin Bohn-Wippert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Latent Hiv

Serum kallistatin level is decreased in women with preeclampsia

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Onur Güralp ◽  
Nevin Tüten ◽  
Koray Gök ◽  
Kübra Hamzaoglu ◽  
Huri Bulut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Serine Proteinase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Uncomplicated Pregnancy ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the serum levels of the serine proteinase inhibitor kallistatin in women with preeclampsia (PE).MethodsThe clinical and laboratory parameters of 55 consecutive women with early-onset PE (EOPE) and 55 consecutive women with late-onset PE (LOPE) were compared with 110 consecutive gestational age (GA)-matched (±1 week) pregnant women with an uncomplicated pregnancy and an appropriate for gestational age fetus.ResultsMean serum kallistatin was significantly lower in women with PE compared to the GA-matched-controls (27.74±8.29 ng/mL vs. 37.86±20.64 ng/mL, p<0.001); in women with EOPE compared to that of women in the control group GA-matched for EOPE (24.85±6.65 ng/mL vs. 33.37±17.46 ng/mL, p=0.002); and in women with LOPE compared to that of women in the control group GA-matched for LOPE (30.87±8.81 ng/mL vs. 42.25±22.67 ng/mL, p=0.002). Mean serum kallistatin was significantly lower in women with EOPE compared to LOPE (24.85±6.65 ng/mL vs. 30.87±8.81 ng/mL, p<0.001). Serum kallistatin had negative correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, and positive correlation with GA at sampling and GA at birth.ConclusionsSerum kallistatin levels are decreased in preeclamptic pregnancies compared to the GA-matched-controls. This decrease was also significant in women with EOPE compared to LOPE. Serum kallistatin had negative correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine and positive correlation with GA at sampling and GA at birth.

Propensity-Matched Comparison of Very Preterm Small- and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Neonates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Anne ◽  
Venkateshwarulu Vardhelli ◽  
Tejo Pratap Oleti ◽  
Srinivas Murki ◽  
Gopireddy Murali Mohan Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Matched Comparison
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