scholarly journals Placental expression of FADS1, FADS2, FADS3 desaturases in selected pregnancy pathologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Bobiński ◽  
Urszula Mazurek ◽  
Nikola Zmarzły ◽  
Izabela Ulman-Włodarz ◽  
Mieczysław Dutka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
A Site

Abstract Background: The period of intrauterine development is a key period in human development. Its progress largely depends on the function of the placenta, which is responsible for the transportation and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Desaturation enzymes play a key role in placental fatty acid metabolism. The expression of genes coding for desaturases may be associated with pregnancy abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine the transcriptional activity of the placental genes Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1), Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) and Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) in women who gave birth to: appropriate for gestational age (AGA), large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth (PTB) infants. Method: The study took place at the Tychy Specialist Hospital in Poland. 34 pregnant women aged 21-37 years old took part. The placental samples were taken from a site about 2-3 cm away from the umbilical cord attachment. The collected tissue sections were stored, according to the manufacturer’s protocol, in RNAlater (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), until required for molecular analysis. The expression profile of FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3 was determined by RT-qPCR. Results: In terms of the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, there was no difference in the expression between the groups. However, differences in the expression of the FADS3 gene were found. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of the FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3 genes in most of the examined groups showed significant differences. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the transcriptional activity of genes changes with the severity of intrauterine disorders and is associated with foetal lipid disorders linked to a greater accumulation of fat in the foetal tissues.

scholarly journals Quantifying myelin content in brain tissue using color Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (cSLIM)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241084
Author(s):  
Michael Fanous ◽  
Megan P. Caputo ◽  
Young Jae Lee ◽  
Laurie A. Rund ◽  
Catherine Best-Popescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Tissue Lipids ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Brain

Deficient myelination of the brain is associated with neurodevelopmental delays, particularly in high-risk infants, such as those born small in relation to their gestational age (SGA). New methods are needed to further study this condition. Here, we employ Color Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (cSLIM), which uses a brightfield objective and RGB camera to generate pathlength-maps with nanoscale sensitivity in conjunction with a regular brightfield image. Using tissue sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue, the myelin structures were segmented from a brightfield image. Using a binary mask, those portions were quantitatively analyzed in the corresponding phase maps. We first used the CLARITY method to remove tissue lipids and validate the sensitivity of cSLIM to lipid content. We then applied cSLIM to brain histology slices. These specimens are from a previous MRI study, which demonstrated that appropriate for gestational age (AGA) piglets have increased internal capsule myelination (ICM) compared to small for gestational age (SGA) piglets and that a hydrolyzed fat diet improved ICM in both. The identity of samples was blinded until after statistical analyses.

125I-human epidermal growth factor specific binding to placentas and fetal membranes from various pregnancy states

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Hofmann ◽  
Ch. V. Rao ◽  
Fred R. Carman ◽  
Tariq A. Siddiqi
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Class A ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract. Specific binding of 125I-human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) to homogenates of term human placentas and fetal membranes from normal and appropriate for gestational age (N = 20), intrauterine growth retarded (N = 9), twin (N = 11), White class A/B diabetic (N = 12), and large for gestational age (N = 13) pregnancies was measured. In all pregnancy states, placentas bound approximately four times more 125I-hEGF than did fetal membranes (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in 125I-hEGF binding to fetal membranes from the various pregnancy states (P > 0.05). 125I-hEGF specific binding to placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies was significantly greater compared with placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies (P < 0.05). The binding to placentas from pregnancies complicated by White class A/B diabetes or large for gestational age infants, on the other hand, was not significantly different from that to placentas from normal and appropriate for gestational age pregnancies. 125I-hEGF specific binding did not differ between placentas from intrauterine growth retarded or twin pregnancies (P > 0.05). Placental and fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding did not vary with fetal sex, maternal race, placental weight, or gestational age between 37 to 42 weeks (P > 0.05). Placental but not fetal membrane 125I-hEGF binding increased with increasing infant weight when appropriate for gestational age and large for gestational age infants were included (P < 0.05, r = 0.38, N = 32) but not for intrauterine growth retarded, appropriate for gestational age, or large for gestational age infants alone.

scholarly journals Large-for-gestational-age phenotypes and obesity risk in adulthood: a study of 195,936 women

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. B. Derraik ◽  
Sarah E. Maessen ◽  
John D. Gibbins ◽  
Wayne S. Cutfield ◽  
Maria Lundgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Using Data

AbstractWhile there is evidence that being born large-for-gestational-age (LGA) is associated with an increased risk of obesity later in life, the data are conflicting. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between proportionality at birth and later obesity risk in adulthood. This was a retrospective study using data recorded in the Swedish Birth Register. Anthropometry in adulthood was assessed in 195,936 pregnant women at 10–12 weeks of gestation. All women were born at term (37–41 weeks of gestation). LGA was defined as birth weight and/or length ≥2.0 SDS. Women were separated into four groups: appropriate-for-gestational-age according to both weight and length (AGA – reference group; n = 183,662), LGA by weight only (n = 4,026), LGA by length only (n = 5,465), and LGA by both weight and length (n = 2,783). Women born LGA based on length, weight, or both had BMI 0.12, 1.16, and 1.08 kg/m2 greater than women born AGA, respectively. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of obesity was 1.50 times higher for those born LGA by weight and 1.51 times for LGA by both weight and height. Length at birth was not associated with obesity risk. Similarly, women born LGA by ponderal index had BMI 1.0 kg/m2 greater and an aRR of obesity 1.39 times higher than those born AGA. Swedish women born LGA by weight or ponderal index had an increased risk of obesity in adulthood, irrespective of their birth length. Thus, increased risk of adult obesity seems to be identifiable from birth weight and ignoring proportionality.

scholarly journals Serum Microelements in Early Pregnancy and their Risk of Large-for-Gestational Age Birth Weight

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lewandowska ◽  
Jan Lubiński
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Female Fetus ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Relationship Of

Excessive birth weight has serious perinatal consequences, and it “programs” long-term health. Mother’s nutritional status can be an important element in fetal “programming”; microelements such as selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) are involved in many metabolic processes. However, there are no studies assessing the relationship of the microelements in the peri-conceptual period with the risk of excessive birth weight. We performed a nested case control study of serum microelements’ levels in the 10–14th week of pregnancy and assessed the risk of large-for-gestational age (LGA) newborns using the data from a prospective cohort of pregnant women recruited in 2015–2016 in Poznań, Poland. Mothers delivering LGA newborns (n = 66) were examined with matched mothers delivering appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) newborns (n = 264). Microelements’ levels were quantified using mass spectrometry. The odds ratios of LGA (and 95% confidence intervals) were calculated by multivariate logistic regression. In the whole group, women with the lowest quartile of Se had a 3 times higher LGA risk compared with women in the highest Se quartile (AOR = 3.00; p = 0.013). Importantly, the result was sustained in the subgroup of women with the normal pre-pregnancy BMI (AOR = 4.79; p = 0.033) and in women with a male fetus (AOR = 6.28; p = 0.004), but it was not sustained in women with a female fetus. There were no statistical associations between Zn, Cu, and Fe levels and LGA. Our study provides some preliminary evidence for the relationships between lower serum Se levels in early pregnancy and a higher risk of large-for-gestational age birth weight. Appropriate Se intake in the periconceptual period may be important for optimal fetal growth.

Hemostatic Parameters in Newborn - I. Effect of Gestation and Rate of Intrauterine Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 047-050 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Dube ◽  
R K Dube ◽  
V Bhargava ◽  
J K Kolindewala ◽  
V L N Kota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Preterm Newborns

SummaryThe present study comprises of 208 term, 159 preterm and 18 post-term neonates born to mothers with no history of drug intake or any disease likely to effect coagulation of the newborn. PT, TT and KCCT were relatively prolonged and plasma fibrinogen reduced to varying degree in newborns (as compared to adults). There was further prolongation of TT and reduction in plasma fibrinogen levels amongst preterm newborns as compared to term babies; TT was more prolonged amongst post-term babies also. PT was significantly more prolonged till 30 weeks of gestation, after which a near plateau was formed. KCCT showed significant improvement after 33 weeks and a further trend to normalisation after 38 weeks of gestation. Serum FDP values showed too much of variation for any meaningful statistical analysis but generally FDPs were higher in preterm babies. Intrauterine growth rate had no significant effect on these parameters amongst preterms -similar values for SGA (small for gestational age), AGA (appropriate for gestational age) and LGA (large for gestational age). On the other hand, amongst term babies SGA neonates had significantly prolonged PT and low plasma fibrinogen as compared to AGA; LGA babies also showed more prolongation of TT as compared to AGA.

Growth among Twins: Use of Singleton versus Twin-Specific Growth Nomograms

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Mendez-Figueroa ◽  
Van Truong ◽  
Claudia Pedroza ◽  
Suneet Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Fetal Medicine ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Birth Weight Percentile ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Study Population

Objective We hypothesized that utilization of a twin-specific nomograms, when compared with one based on singleton data, is less likely to classify twins as having abnormal growth and more likely to identify perinatal morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods Data were culled from seven Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) studies, the included twin gestations in their study population. Each newborn twin's birth weight percentile was categorized using Alexander et al (singleton data) and Ananth et al (twin data) nomogram. Logistic regression models were adjusted for maternal race and body mass index, neonatal sex, study, and twin correlation. Results More twins were categorized as small for gestational age (SGA) when singleton nomogram was used (33%) compared with twin nomogram (4%). The use of singleton nomogram revealed a higher composite neonatal morbidity (CNM) and stillbirth rates among SGA twins but a similar neonatal mortality rate when compared with appropriate for gestational age. Correspondingly, when twin-specific nomogram was utilized, the CNM, odds of stillbirth, and neonatal mortality were higher among SGA twins. The rate of large for gestational age among twins was increased with the use of twin-specific nomograms. Conclusion Utilization of twin-specific nomogram is less likely to categorize twins as SGA and more likely to identify those at risk for stillbirth and neonatal mortality.

scholarly journals Circulating levels of ghrelin in human fetuses

2003 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Cortelazzi ◽  
V Cappiello ◽  
PS Morpurgo ◽  
S Ronzoni ◽  
MS Nobile De Santis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Elective Cesarean ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Student’S T Test

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is a GH secretagog isolated recently from rat stomach and involved in the stimulation of food intake and adiposity in rodents and humans. Moreover, subsequent studies showed that ghrelin is expressed in rat and human placenta, suggesting a possible influence of the peptide on fetal growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate circulating levels of ghrelin in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ghrelin levels between 20 and 39 weeks of gestation were measured in 16 AGA and nine IUGR fetuses in whom blood was collected by cordocentesis performed for prenatal diagnosis of different diseases or during elective cesarean section. In most samples, GH, cortisol and leptin levels were also evaluated. Results are expressed as means+/-S.D. Differences were tested using the Student's t-test with Welch correction. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All fetuses showed levels of ghrelin in the umbilical venous blood (100+/-99 pmol/l) that did not correlate with the gestational age or the maternal ghrelin levels. No difference was found between umbilical venous and arterial concentrations, suggesting that fetal tIssues are a source of ghrelin. Ghrelin levels in IUGR fetuses were significantly higher than those found in AGA fetuses (176+/-125 vs 58+/-44 pmol/l; P<0.005). Moreover, in samples obtained at birth, ghrelin concentrations correlated negatively with birth weight (P<0.05). In IUGR fetuses, GH and cortisol concentrations were higher and leptin levels lower than in AGA fetuses, although no significant correlation between these parameters and ghrelin levels was found. CONCLUSION: The presence of ghrelin in the fetal circulation as well as its increase in IUGR fetuses suggest a role of this peptide during intrauterine development.

scholarly journals Frequency of Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Large for Gestational Age Infants of Non-Diabetic Mothers in a Community Maternity Hospital

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilgun Araz ◽  
Mustafa Araz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

Large for gestational age (LGA) infants are at increased risk for hypoglycemia. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia in LGA infants of non-diabetic mothers in a Community Maternity Hospital in Gaziantep, Turkey. Hospital records of 5229 infants of non-diabetic mothers were examined retrospectively. Newborns with birth weight more than 4000 g were defined as LGA. The control group consisted of 100 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns. Capillary blood glucose was measured at the second hour of life. Glucose values lower than 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L) were defined as hypoglycemia. Ninety-six (1.8%) of the 5229 infants were found to be LGA. The mean capillary glucose levels of the LGA newborns were significantly lower than those of the AGA newborns (54 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L) vs. 95 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), p<0.0001). Neonatal hypoglycemia was established in 16 of 96 LGA infants (16.7%). In the control group hypoglycemia was absent. The rate of hypoglycemia in LGA infants was significantly higher than the rate in the AGA infants (p=0.0000). As hypoglycemia is not rare in LGA infants and can have serious consequences, blood glucose levels should be screened routinely in LGA infants.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial content and oxidative damage in full-term placentas from SGA, LGA and AGA infants pregnant women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Ramírez-Emiliano ◽  
Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero ◽  
Martha Solís-Martínez ◽  
Mariana Mina-Bravo ◽  
Edgar Martínez-Escamilla Edgar A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

IntroductionThe aim was to determine the mitochondrial content, oxidative and nitrosative status in placentas from pregnant women who delivery newborns with alteration of intrauterine growth.Material and methodsPlacentas were selected because the newborns were classified as small for gestational age (SGA, lowest 10th percentile; n = 9), appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 9) and large for gestational age (LGA, tallest 90th percentile; n = 9). In the placenta tissue oxidative and nitrosative status, and the mitochondrial content were determined.ResultsLipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels were higher in LGA placentas compared with SGA placentas, but not compared with AGA placentas. Carbonyl levels were higher in LGA placentas compared with the AGA and SGA placentas. The 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)/actin ratio was higher in the SGA and LGA placentas than in AGA placentas. Moreover, AGA placentas did have higher cytochrome oxidase (COX4)/actin ratio compared with the SGA and LGA placentas. The AMP–activated protein kinase alpha (AMPK/actin ratio was significantly lower in placentas from SGA compared with the placentas from AGA and LGA. With respect to the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, this was significantly lower in placentas from LGA compared with the placentas from AGA and SGA.ConclusionsThe placentas of LGA newborns have higher oxidized lipid and protein levels, whereas SGA and LGA placentas have higher nitrosative damage levels than the AGA placentas; the present data also suggest that the mitochondrial content is lower in SGA and LGA placentas than in AGA placentas.

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