scholarly journals Comparing subjective intoxication with risky single-occasion drinking in a European sample

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241433
Author(s):  
Carolin Kilian ◽  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Jacek Moskalewicz ◽  
Emanuele Scafato ◽  
Lidia Segura García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Harmful Drinking ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Risky Single Occasion Drinking

In most epidemiological literature, harmful drinking—a drinking pattern recognized as closely linked to alcohol-attributable diseases—is recorded using the measure risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD), which is based on drinking above a certain quantity. In contrast, subjective intoxication (SI) as an alternative measure can provide additional information, including the drinker’s subjective perceptions and cultural influences on alcohol consumption. However, there is a lack of research comparing both. The current article investigates this comparison, using data from the Standardized European Alcohol Survey from 2015. We analysed the data of 12,512 women and 12,516 men from 17 European countries and one region. We calculated survey-weighted prevalence of SI and RSOD and compared them using Spearman rank correlation and regression models. We examined the role of the required quantity of alcohol needed for the drinker to perceive impairments and analysed additional demographic and sociodemographic characteristics as well as drinking patterns. In the most locations, the prevalence of SI was lower or equal to the prevalence of RSOD. Both prevalence estimates were highly correlated. Almost 8% of the variance in the difference between the individual-level frequencies of the SI and RSOD measures was explained by the individual quantity of alcohol needed to perceive impairments. Sociodemographic characteristics and drinking patterns explained less than 20% in the adjusted perceived quantity of alcohol needed. In conclusion, our results indicated that subjective measures of intoxication are not a preferable indicator of harmful drinking to the more conventional measures of RSOD.

How much is a calorie worth? A study of willingness to pay for calorie labels in restaurant menus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
SANA RAFIQ
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Caloric Consumption ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe asked individuals about their willingness to pay (WTP) either: (1) for a mandate requiring restaurants to post calorie information on their menus; or (2) to avoid such a mandate. On average, more people were in in favor of the mandate and were willing to pay four times more than those who were against it, thereby leading to a Kaldor–Hicks improvement from this policy. To ensure robustness, we tested the impact of providing three types of information during individuals’ WTP determinations: (1) visual examples of the proposed calorie labels; (2) data on their effectiveness at the individual level; and (3) data on their wider social and economic benefits. For those in favor, providing a simple visual of the label had no impact on WTP. Data on the individual effectiveness of the labels increased the WTP, while evidence on broader obesity reduction and economic benefits reduced it. For opponents, WTP did not change with provision of additional information except when provided with information on social and economic benefits. Under this condition, the opponents increased their WTP 12-fold to avoid a mandate of this policy. Finally, we measured individual well-being under this policy and found directionally similar results, confirming a net improvement in aggregate welfare. Our results suggest that messaging that focuses on private benefits (providing calorie information so that individuals can effectively choose to reduce excessive caloric consumption) rather than wider public benefits (reduction in overall health-related costs and obesity) is more likely to be effective.

scholarly journals The Normative Underpinnings of Population-Level Alcohol Use: An Individual-Level Simulation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Tuong Manh Vu ◽  
Joshua M. Epstein ◽  
Alexandra E. Nielsen ◽  
Charlotte Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Behavioral Rules ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Background. By defining what is “normal,” appropriate, expected, and unacceptable, social norms shape human behavior. However, the individual-level mechanisms through which social norms impact population-level trends in health-relevant behaviors are not well understood. Aims. To test the ability of social norms mechanisms to predict changes in population-level drinking patterns. Method. An individual-level model was developed to simulate dynamic normative mechanisms and behavioral rules underlying drinking behavior over time. The model encompassed descriptive and injunctive drinking norms and their impact on frequency and quantity of alcohol use. A microsynthesis initialized in 1979 was used as a demographically representative synthetic U.S. population. Three experiments were performed in order to test the modelled normative mechanisms. Results. Overall, the experiments showed limited influence of normative interventions on population-level alcohol use. An increase in the desire to drink led to the most meaningful changes in the population’s drinking behavior. The findings of the experiments underline the importance of autonomy, that is, the degree to which an individual is susceptible to normative influence. Conclusion. The model was able to predict theoretically plausible changes in drinking patterns at the population level through the impact of social mechanisms. Future applications of the model could be used to plan norms interventions pertaining to alcohol use as well as other health behaviors.

Re-evaluating disease-free survival (DFS) as an endpoint versus overall survival (OS) in adjuvant colon cancer (CC) trials with chemotherapy +/- biologics: An updated surrogacy analysis based on 18,886 patients (pts) from the Accent database.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3502-3502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Shi ◽  
Aimery De Gramont ◽  
Jesse G. Dixon ◽  
Jun Yin ◽  
Eric Van Cutsem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Surrogate Endpoint ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
A Value ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
The Individual

3502 Background: DFS with 3 years median follow-up (3yDFS) was validated as a surrogate for OS with 5 years median follow-up (5yOS) in adjuvant chemotherapy CC trials prior. Recent data showed improved survival after recurrence and OS, over time, in pts who received adjuvant FOLFOX. Hence, re-evaluation of the association between DFS and OS, as well as the optimal follow-up of OS to aid its utility in future adjuvant trials is needed. Methods: Individual patient data from 8 randomized adjuvant studies conducted from 1998-2009 were included; 3 trials tested anti-VEGF or anti-EGFR agents. Trial-level surrogacy examining the correlation of treatment effect estimates (i.e. hazard ratios) of 3yDFS and 5y to 8yOS was evaluated using both linear regression (R2WLS) and Copula bivariate (R2Copula) models. For the R2, a value closer to 1 indicates a stronger correlation. Prespecified criteria for surrogacy required either R2WLS or R2Copula ≥ 0.80 and neither < 0.7, with lower-bound 95% Confidence Interval (CI) > 0.60. The rank correlation coefficient (ρ) quantified the individual-level surrogacy. Results: Total of 18,886 pts were analyzed, with median age 60, 54% male, 83% stage III, 59% > 12 nodes examined. Median follow-up for survival ranged from 5 to 10 years across trials. Trial level correlation between 3yDFS and OS remained strong (R2WLS ≥0.74; R2Copula ≥ 0.89) and increased as the median follow-up of OS extended longer (see table). Analyses limited to stage III pts and/or trials tested biologics showed consistent results. Conclusions: 3yDFS remains a validated surrogate endpoint for 5yOS in adjuvant trials in CC pts per prespecified criteria. The correlation was strengthened with more than 6 years of follow-up for OS. [Table: see text]

Why We Remember and What We Remember

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ross ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cognitive Schemata ◽  
Memory Strategies ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Individual

We examine cultural (mainly East and West) differences in the functions and contents of autobiographical memory. We discuss how cultural differences in physical environments, self-views, the motivation to self-enhance, concerns for behavioral and emotional regulation, socialization, and language affect the contents and use of memory. Cultural influences take place at the individual level of cognitive schemata and memory strategies, as well as the interpersonal sphere of daily mnemonic practices and exchanges. Autobiographical memory is categorically cultural.

scholarly journals Cultural Influences on Environmental Consciousness and Green Environmental Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Bashar S. Gammoh ◽  
Sam C. Okoroafo ◽  
Anthony C. Koh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Environmental Consciousness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Individual

This paper focuses on investigating the relationship between culture and green attitudes and environmental behavior across two countries representing societies with different cultural norms. The paper presents a theoretical model suggesting that individual level cultural differences influence consumer&rsquo;s environmental consciousness which then influence their green consumerism and active ecological Behaviors&rsquo;. Data was collected using survey research from two countries representing societies with different cultural norms&mdash;the United States and India. SmartPLS was used to assess the quality of the measurement model and test the proposed research hypotheses. Although the United States is a society that is generally driven by individualism and mastery orientation, study results indicate that at the individual level people attitudes and behaviors might be influenced by different orientations depending on the consumption situation. Overall, study findings highlight the value in understanding the influence of cultural factors at the individual level and not just at the country level.

Twenty Years Socioeconomic Trajectories in Older Adults with Varying Alcohol Use: A Register-Based Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-314
Author(s):  
Anna Mejldal ◽  
Kjeld Andersen ◽  
Silke Behrendt ◽  
Randi Bilberg ◽  
Anne Illemann Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
National Register Data ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Aims The objective of this paper was to examine 20-year trends of the socioeconomic status (SES) measures income and employment and their association with current alcohol use behaviors in Danish adults aged 60–70. Methods Data from The Danish National Health Survey 2013 and the baseline assessment of the Elderly Study (2013–2016) were combined to form four groups from the general population with various drinking patterns, but with no recent treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and one group seeking treatment: Abstinent (n = 691), low- (n = 1978), moderate- (n = 602), and high-risk (HR) drinkers (n = 467), and DSM-5 AUD seeking treatment (n = 262). For all groups, Danish national register data were linked at the individual level obtain find annual information on income and employment during the 20 years prior to interview. Mixed effects models were utilized to model trajectories of income and employment for the five groups. Results Lower income and employment status was observed from middle-aged adulthood when comparing 12-month abstinence or AUD to individuals with low or moderate alcohol consumption. At the end of the study period, moderate-risk drinkers experienced an increase, and HR drinkers a decrease, in income and rate of employment relative to the low-risk drinkers. Conclusions Alcohol use behaviors observed in older adults are related to distinct long-term trajectories regarding income and employment status, which are observable already in middle-aged adulthood.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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