scholarly journals Location, location, location: Feeding site affects aphid performance by altering access and quality of nutrients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245380
Author(s):  
Vamsi J. Nalam ◽  
Jinlong Han ◽  
William Jacob Pitt ◽  
Shailesh Raj Acharya ◽  
Punya Nachappa
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Soybean Aphids ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Plant Assays

Aphid feeding behavior and performance on a given host plant are influenced by the plants’ physical and chemical traits, including structural characters such as trichomes and nutritional composition. In this study, we determined the feeding behavior and performance of soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) on the stem, the adaxial (upper), and the abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces during early vegetative growth of soybean plants. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we found that aphids feeding on the stem took the longest time to begin probing. Once aphids began probing, the sieve elements were more conducive to feeding, as evidenced by less salivation on the stem than either leaf surface. In whole-plant assays, stems harbored higher aphid populations, and aphids had shorter development time on stems than the adaxial and the abaxial leaf surfaces. We compared trichome density and length on the stem, the adaxial, and the abaxial leaf surfaces to investigate whether plant trichomes affected aphid feeding and performance. There were higher density and longer trichomes on stems, which likely resulted in aphids taking a longer time to probe. Still a negative impact on aphid population growth was not observed. Analysis of phloem sap composition revealed that vascular sap-enriched exudates from stems had higher sugars and amino acids than exudates from leaves. In artificial diet feeding assays, the population of aphids reared on a diet supplemented with stem exudates was higher than on a diet supplemented with leaf petiole exudates which is in agreement with results of the whole-plant assays. In summary, our findings suggest that the performance of soybean aphids on a specific plant location is primarily driven by accessibility and the quality of phloem composition rather than structural traits.

scholarly journals The Source of Rag5-Mediated Resistance to Soybean Aphids Is Located in the Stem

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumud Joshi ◽  
Joshua L. Baumgardner ◽  
Madison MacPhail ◽  
Shailesh R. Acharya ◽  
Elizabeth Blotevogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Soybean Aphids ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Plant Assays ◽  
Whole Plants

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) continues to threaten soybean production in the United States. A suite of management strategies, such as planting aphid-resistant cultivars, has been successful in controlling soybean aphids. Several Rag genes (resistance against A. glycines) have been identified, and two are currently being deployed in commercial soybean cultivars. However, the mechanisms underlying Rag-mediated resistance are yet to be identified. In this study, we sought to determine the nature of resistance conferred by the Rag5 gene using behavioral, molecular biology, physiological, and biochemical approaches. We confirmed previous findings that plants carrying the Rag5 gene were resistant to soybean aphids in whole plant assays, and this resistance was absent in detached leaf assays. Analysis of aphid feeding behaviors using the electrical penetration graph technique on whole plants and detached leaves did not reveal differences between the Rag5 plants and Williams 82, a susceptible cultivar. In reciprocal grafting experiments, aphid populations were lower in the Rag5/rag5 (Scion/Root stock) chimera, suggesting that Rag5-mediated resistance is derived from the shoots. Further evidence for the role of stems comes from poor aphid performance in detached stem plus leaf assays. Gene expression analysis revealed that biosynthesis of the isoflavone kaempferol is upregulated in both leaves and stems in resistant Rag5 plants. Moreover, supplementing with kaempferol restored resistance in detached stems of plants carrying Rag5. This study demonstrates for the first time that Rag5-mediated resistance against soybean aphids is likely derived from stems.

scholarly journals Modulation of Aphid Vector Activity by Potato virus Y on In Vitro Potato Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boquel ◽  
C. Delayen ◽  
A. Couty ◽  
P. Giordanengo ◽  
A. Ameline
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Vector Activity ◽  
Aphid Feeding

The effects of the infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants by the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) were studied on the host plant colonization behavior of different colonizing (Myzus persicae) and noncolonizing (Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Sitobion avenae) aphid species. The underlying questions of this study were to know how aphids respond when faced with PVY-infected plants and whether plant infection can modify the aphid behavior involved in PVY spread. Short-range orientation behavior was observed using a dual-choice set-up and aphid feeding behavior was monitored using the electrical penetration graph technique. None of the aphid species discriminated between healthy and PVY-infected plants. Nevertheless, most individuals of M. persicae landed on and probed only in one plant whereas noncolonizing aphid species exhibited interplant movements. Study of the aphid feeding behavior showed that PVY infection essentially modified phloem and xylem ingestion. M. persicae and S. avenae exhibited an increased duration of phloem phases on PVY-infected plants whereas A. fabae showed a decreased duration of phloem phases that benefited from an increased duration of xylem ingestion phases. None of these parameters were changed in B. brassicae. These data present evidence that aphids can respond to plants infected by nonpersistent viruses. Such behavioral modifications are discussed within the context of PVY spread in potato crops.

scholarly journals Location, location, location: Feeding site affects aphid performance by altering access and quality of nutrients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vamsi J. Nalam ◽  
Jinlong Han ◽  
William Jacob Pitt ◽  
Shailesh Raj Acharya ◽  
Punya Nachappa
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Aphid Populations

AbstractFeeding location on a plant can affect aphid reproduction and survival, however little is known about factors that influence aphid performance on specific plant parts. We determined performance and feeding behavior of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) on stem, adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces during early vegetative growth of soybean plants and analyzed the associated phloem sap composition. Stems harbored greater aphid populations and aphids had shorter development time on stems compared to adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. While aphids feeding on the stem took the longest time to begin probing, potentially due to higher density and length of trichomes, this did not impact aphid population growth. Once aphids began probing, the sieve elements were more conducive to feeding as evidenced by less salivation from the stem as compared to either leaf surface. Moreover, vascular sap-enriched exudates from stems had higher sugars and amino acids, which supported higher aphid populations in artificial diet feeding assays. The high quality of stems as a food source may in part explain the shorter development time and overall greater population of aphids observed on stems. In summary, our findings suggest that the choice of feeding location and performance of aphids on a specific plant is driven largely by accessibility to and the quality of nutrients rather than morphological factors.

Electrical Penetration Graph Analysis of the Feeding Behavior of Soybean Aphids on Soybean Cultivars With Antibiosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 2068-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieceng Zhu ◽  
John C. Reese ◽  
Joe Louis ◽  
Leslie Campbell ◽  
Ming-Shun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Graph Analysis ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Soybean Aphids ◽  
Soybean Cultivars

scholarly journals WATER MANAGEMENT IN SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES OF VARAŽDIN COUNTY

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 197-217
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
The Public ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Lowland Area ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

The urbanization of settlements and cities and the development of industry increase the need for water, while on the other hand the discharge of wastewater increasingly affects heavier pollution of surface and groundwater, and space in the broader sense. By failing to take appropriate measures and endangering the quality of groundwater and spring water, further degradation of its quality can lead to undesirable consequences on water supply, especially in the lowland area of Varaždin County. It should be borne in mind that for some parts or areas, especially those with dispersed individual construction, wastewater drainage cannot be solved through the public drainage system, but the solution is based on individual, basically personal operations (collecting and septic tanks). In this paper the sanitary protection zones of water supply sources for Varaždin County are described, in accordance with the laws and regulations. The aim of this paper is to provide appropriate instructions or guidelines for their protection and performance in order to minimize the possible negative impact on groundwater or the environment in the broader sense.

scholarly journals Consequences of Outsourcing Strategies On Employee Quality of Work Life, Attitudes, and Performance

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-203
Author(s):  
Dean Elmuti ◽  
Julian Grunewald ◽  
Dereje Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
Life Attitudes ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Outsourcing Strategies

Outsourcing is the strategic use of outside resources to perform activitiesthat are usually handled by internal staff and resources. The consequences of implementingoutsourcing strategies in an industrial setting were studied using a fieldstudy. This study was designed to explore both the financial as well as the humanaspects of outsourcing activities. The attitudinal results of this research indicatedthat the outsourcing strategies had a negative impact on the perceived quality ofwork-life dimensions. The performance results presented here provide, at best, circumspectsupport for the claims of outsourcing proponents that the technique improvesparticipants' performance and productivity. Although outsourcing can leadto certain gains for the organization, there are definitely human costs to be takeninto account, and they should be considered as major factors contributing to theoutsourcing debate, not just the financial aspects of organizations' decisions.

LIGHTING AND PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYSIS ON LIGHTING EFFICIENCY OF ARCHITECTURE STUDIO

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Fazidah Hanim Husain
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Creative Learning ◽  
Illuminance Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Effect Of Light

Lighting is one of the key elements in any space and building infrastructure. Good design for an area in the building requires sufficient light that contributes to the efficiency of the activities. The correct method allows natural light to transmit, reduce heat and glare in providing a conducive learning environment. Light plays a significant influence to the quality of space and contributes focus of the students in an architecture studio. Previous research has shown that the effect of light also controlled emotions, behavior, and mood of the students. The operations of artificial lighting that have been used most of the time in an architecture studio during day and night may create lavishness and inadequacy at the same time. Therefore, this paper focuses on the identifying the quality of light for the architecture studio in UiTM (Perak), to instill a creative learning environment. Several methodologies adopted in this study such as illuminance level measurement using lux meter (LM-8100), and a questionnaire survey in gauging the lighting comfort level from students’ perspective. The study revealed that the illuminance level in the architecture studio is insufficient and not in the acceptable range stated in the Malaysian: Standards 1525:2007 and  not evenly distributed.  The study also concluded that the current studio environment is not condusive and appears monotonous. 

Strategic threats to energy security as risks of quality of people's life

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-744
Author(s):  
V.I. Loktionov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Economic Well Being ◽  
The Way

Subject. The article reviews the way strategic threats to energy security influence the quality of people's life. Objectives. The study unfolds the theory of analyzing strategic threats to energy security by covering the matter of quality of people's life. Methods. To analyze the way strategic threats to energy security spread across cross-sectoral commodity and production chains and influences quality of people's living, I applied the factor analysis and general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. I suggest interpreting strategic threats to energy security as risks of people's quality of life due to a reduction in the volume of energy supply. I identified mechanisms reflecting how the fuel and energy complex and its development influence the quality of people's life. The article sets out the method to assess such quality-of-life risks arising from strategic threats to energy security. Conclusions and Relevance. In the current geopolitical situation, strategic threats to energy security cause long-standing adverse consequences for the quality of people's life. If strategic threats to energy security are further construed as risk of quality of people's life, this will facilitate the preparation and performance of a more effective governmental policy on energy, which will subsequently raise the economic well-being of people.

Green Beans Cultivation Using Mice Pets Control to Improve the Quality of Bintaro Fruit Extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ajeng Embri Legawati ◽  
Nur Azizah ◽  
Achmad Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Environmental Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Green beans cultivation technology using mice pets control has been implemented in the Gluranploso village, Benjeng Gresik. The implementation of the technology performed for 2.5 months from August to October 2017. The purpose of the implementation is aimed to reduce the dependence of farmers on the use of chemical pesticides so that the farmers are aware of the negative impact of chemical pesticides. Assessing the impact of the utilization of Bintaro fruit and fruit extracts to explore ways of making Bintaro as a natural biopesticide to overcome rat attack on green bean plants in the Gluranploso village. Pest control mice can reduce the rate of loss of the crops more effectively and efficiently. Finally, with the use of those natural resources as a biopesticide material can also maintain the environmental balance

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