scholarly journals The use of 33 MHz ultra-high-frequency ultrasonography for the evaluation of sweat glands in the axilla with osmidrosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251600
Author(s):  
Akira Shinaoka ◽  
Ryuichi Nakahara ◽  
Masanori Saeki
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Ultra High Frequency ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography

Background This study aimed to assess the use of 33 MHz ultra-high-frequency ultrasonography (33MHz-UHFUS) for evaluating axillary sweat glands with osmidrosis in comparison with histological techniques. Axillary osmidrosis is a common problem in Asian societies, and the number and size of apocrine sweat glands have a strong relationship with osmidrosis severity. Currently, there are no methods to evaluate sweat gland distribution non-invasively. Methods In this study, 35 skin specimens from 10 fresh human cadavers without osmidrosis and retrospective ultrasonographic images from 20 patients with osmidrosis were used. Skin specimens were embedded in paraffin, thinly sliced, and finally stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histologically, the apocrine and eccrine glands were evaluated, and the top and bottom depths of follicles were measured from the skin surface. In 33 MHz ultrasonography images, the depths of sweat glands were measured, and the mean grey value was calculated using Image J. Results Compared to histological data, 33MHz-UHFUS could be used to identify sweat glands as a hyperechoic structure between the dermis and fat layer. Furthermore, it could evaluate sweat gland distribution but could not distinguish between types of sweat glands. Conclusions The distribution of sweat glands in the axilla can be non-invasively evaluated via 33MHz-UHFUS.

The Application of Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound in Dermatology and Wound Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Rossana Izzetti ◽  
Teresa Oranges ◽  
Agata Janowska ◽  
Mario Gabriele ◽  
Filippo Graziani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Workup ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Ultra High Frequency ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Ulcerative Lesions ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography

The management of lower extremity wounds is frequently performed by means of clinical examination, representing a challenge for the clinician due to the various conditions that can potentially enter differential diagnosis. Several diagnostic techniques are available in the dermatologist’s arsenal as a support to diagnosis confirmation, including dermoscopy and ultrasonography. Recently, a novel ultrasonographic technique involving the use of ultra-high ultrasound frequencies has entered the scene, and appears a promising tool in the diagnostic workup of skin ulcerative lesions. The focus of this review is to discuss the potential role of ultra-high-frequency ultrasonography in the diagnostic workup of wounds in the light of the current applications of the technique.

The efficacy of Ultra-High Frequency Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intraoral lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Izzetti ◽  
Saverio Vitali ◽  
Giacomo Aringhieri ◽  
Davide Caramella ◽  
Marco Nisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Ultra High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography

Echoentomography: a novel non-destructive imaging of soft-body insects through ultra-high frequency ultrasonography (UHFUS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Ricciardi ◽  
Giacomo Aringhieri ◽  
Francesco Faita ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
Chiara Boccaccio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Soft Body ◽  
Ultra High Frequency ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasonography ◽  
Non Destructive

Effect of age on heat-activated sweat gland density and flow during exercise in dry heat

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1089-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Anderson ◽  
W. L. Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Eccrine Glands

Physiological responses of eight postmenopausal older women (age 52–62 yr) and eight younger women (age 20–30 yr) were compared during moderate intensity exercise in a hot dry environment (48 degrees C dry bulb, 25 degrees C wet bulb). The age groups were matched on the basis of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), body surface area, and body fatness. After heat acclimation the women walked at 40% VO2max for up to 2 h in the hot dry environment while heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), whole-body sweating rate (Msw), and local sweating rates (msw; forearm, chest, and scapula) were measured. Additionally, the density of heat-activated sweat glands (HASG) was determined and average sweat gland flow (SGF) was calculated for the scapular area. Although no differences between age groups were found in HR response (when analyzed as percent of maximal HR) or Tsk, the older women had a significantly higher Tre throughout the heat-exercise session. The greater heat storage of the older women may be explained by their significantly lower Msw and msw. There were no differences between the younger and older women in the density of HASG after 30 min; therefore, the lower msw reflects a diminished output per HASG rather than a decrease in the number of sweat glands recruited. The diminished thermoregulatory ability of the older women, unrelated to differences in VO2max, appears to reflect either 1) a diminished response of the sweat glands to central and/or peripheral stimuli, or 2) an age-related structural alteration in the eccrine glands or surrounding skin cells.

The function of cattle sweat glands.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Ferguson ◽  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Hot Environments

Evidence is presented that the apocrine sweat glands of cattle have a temperature-regulating function. Under the stereo microscope, sweat droplets could be observed forming at the openings of the sweat gland ducts in response to intradermal injections of adrenaline, and during exposure to hot conditions. The sweat spots could be stained macroscopically, and prints showing the location of the spots were obtained with bromothymol blue papers pressed onto the skin surface. Quantitative measurements indicate that the evaporation of this sweat is the main source of heat loss in hot environments.

The morphology of bovine sweat glands and the effect of heat on the sweat glands of the Ayrshire calf

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
D. McEwan Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Hot Environment

1. The normal sweat glands of twenty-eight calves, nineteen live adult cattle and eighteen slaughtered cattle from temperate breeds were examined. In every animal the lumen of the sweat glands contained a fluid-like material.2. It appeared on examination and rough measurement that the size of the sweat glands taken from animals after slaughter was smaller than that of the glands taken from live animals even when the same sampling technique was used for both.3. The sweat glands of sixteen calves were examined before and at intervals after the animals had been subjected to a hot environment. The glands were always seen full of a fluid-like material.4. It is concluded that if the calf sweat gland is stimulated by heat stress it must function either (a) by simple diffusion through the sweat gland wall and hence to the skin surface, or (b) by a secretory process not involving degeneration of the glandular epithelium. It is probable that at least part of the contents of the lumen of the sweat glands is derived from the epithelium by a process of active secretion.

Human eccrine sweat gland activity and palmar electrical skin resistance

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 980-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Adams ◽  
John A. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Palmar Surface ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sudomotor Activity ◽  
Electrical Skin

Sweat gland activity, monitored as a function of the rate at which water vapor was removed from the skin surface (EWL), was measured simultaneously with electrical skin resistance (ESR) from adjacent 1-cm2 areas on the human palm. Both ESR and EWL, and Delta ESR and Delta EWL, were correlated throughout 20–30 min of testing during which the subject rested or participated in conversation. The ratio Delta ESR/Delta EWL was greater the lower the EWL level. As EWL approached diffusion levels (0.06 mg/min.cm2), ESR assumed the highest and most stable value (ca. 170 kilohms). Subject differences in ESR at high EWL rates and the pattern of ESR-EWL relationships through the range of sudomotor activity (0.06–0.18 mg/min.cm2) are attributed to individual variation in the density and activity of sweat glands on the palmar surface. The character of ESR-EWL correspondence was also seen to vary with the phase of sweating activity for any one subject. evaporative water loss; physiological testing; galvanic skin reflex; psychological testing; psychogalvanic reflex; sweat measurement Submitted on October 22, 1964

The sweat glands of Ayrshire cattle

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Findlay ◽  
S. H. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Flank Region ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Average Area ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Secretory Products

1. An investigation has been made of the structure, distribution and dimensions of the so-called sweat glands in twenty-one different body regions of each of five 3- to 4-year-old Ayrshire cows, and incidental studies have been made on calves and embryos.2. It has been observed that in all those regions each hair follicle is accompanied by an arrector pili muscle, a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland. This combination has been designated a ‘hair follicle unit’.3. In the skin of embryos the sweat gland appears as a single unbranched tube and in the skin of calves and cows it is a bag-shaped gland with a long slender duct which opens on the skin surface as a funnel-shaped outlet.4. The gland is composed of two layers of cells, an outer myoepithelium and inner glandular epi thelium.5. What may be successive stages in the intraluminal transformation of the secretory products discharged by the gland cells lining the lumen, are illustrated by a series of photographs.6. The glands have a poor blood supply and appear to be apocrine. It is unlikely, therefore, that the sweat glands of Ayrshire cows function as effectively in heat regulation as human sweat glands.7. The number of sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was measured in all the regions. The average number was 1871 per sq.cm., ranging from about 1000 in the lower limbs to about 2500 in the axilla and neck regions.8. The length and circumference of the gland were measured, hence its secretory surface was calculated. The average area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland was 0·22 sq.mm., while the average area of secretory surface of the sweat glands per sq.cm. of skin was 3·94 sq.cm. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of glands per sq.cm. and the area of secretory surface of a single sweat gland.9. The ventral region of the neck, the axilla and upper hindleg had the largest area of secretory surface per sq.cm. of skin, while the forehead, back (sacral), gluteus, lower foreleg and hindleg had the smallest.10. The only region which had a significantly smaller area of secreting surface than the front flank region was the sacral region of the back.

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