scholarly journals Perceived enablers and barriers of community engagement for vaccination in India: Using socioecological analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253318
Author(s):  
Tapati Dutta ◽  
Jon Agley ◽  
Beth E. Meyerson ◽  
Priscilla A. Barnes ◽  
Catherine Sherwood-Laughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Study Results

Background There is high level policy consensus in India that community engagement (CE) improves vaccination uptake and reduces burden of vaccine preventable diseases. However, to date, vaccination studies in the country have not explicitly focused on CE as an outcome in and of itself. Therefore, this study sought to examine the barriers and enablers of community engagement for vaccination in India. Methods Employing qualitative methods, twenty-five semi-structured elite interviews among vaccine decisionmakers’ were triangulated with twenty-four national-level vaccine policy documents and researcher field notes (December 2017 to February 2018). Data collected for this study included perceptions and examples of enablers of and barriers to CE for vaccination uptake. Concepts, such as the absence of formal procedures or data collection approaches related to CE, were confirmed during document review, and a final convening to review study results was conducted with study respondents in December 2018 and January 2019 to affirm the general set of findings from this study. The Social Ecological Model (SEM) was used to organize and interpret the study findings. Results Although decisionmakers and policy documents generally supported CE, there were more CE barriers than facilitators in the context of vaccination, which were identified at all social-ecological levels. Interviews with vaccine decisionmakers in India revealed complex systemic and structural factors which affect CE for vaccination and are present across each of the SEM levels, from individual to policy. Policy-level enablers included decisionmakers’ political will for CE and policy documents and interviews highlighted social mobilization, whereas barriers were lack of a CE strategy document and a broad understanding of CE by decisionmakers. At the community level, dissemination of Social-behavioral Change Communication (SBCC) materials from the national-level to the states was considered a CE facilitator, while class, and caste-based power relations in the community, lack of family-centric CE strategies, and paternalistic attitude of decisionmakers toward communities (the latter reported by some NGO heads) were considered CE barriers. At the organizational level, partnerships with local organizations were considered CE enablers, while lack of institutionalized support to formalize and incentivize these partnerships highlighted by several decisionmakers, were barriers. At the interpersonal level, SBCC training for healthcare workers, sensitive messaging to communities with low vaccine confidence, and social media messaging were considered CE facilitators. The lack of strategies to manage vaccine related rumors or replicate successful CE interventions during the during the introduction and rollout of new vaccines were perceived as CE barriers by several decisionmakers. Conclusion Data obtained for this study highlighted national-level perceptions of the complexities and challenges of CE across the entire SEM, from individual to systemic levels. Future studies should attempt to associate these enablers and barriers with actual CE outcomes, such as participation or community support in vaccine policy-making, CE implementation for specific vaccines and situations (such as disease outbreaks), or frequency of sub-population-based incidents of community resistance and community facilitation to vaccination uptake. There would likely be value in developing a population-based operational definition of CE, with a step-by-step manual on ‘how to do CE.’ The data from this study also indicate the importance of including CE indicators in national datasets and developing a compendium documenting CE best-practices. Doing so would allow more rigorous analysis of the evidence-base for CE for vaccination in India and other countries with similar immunization programs.

scholarly journals What have we learned about COVID-19 volunteering in the UK? A rapid review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanlan Mao ◽  
Maria Fernandes-Jesus ◽  
Evangelos Ntontis ◽  
John Drury
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Community engagement and volunteering are essential for the public response to COVID-19. Since March 2020 a large number of people in the UK have been regularly doing unpaid activities to benefit others besides their close relatives. Although most mutual aid groups emerged from local neighbourhoods and communities, official public institutions also fostered community volunteering, namely through the community champions scheme. By considering a broad definition of COVID-19 volunteering, this article describes a systematic review of the literature focused on one broad question: What have we learned about COVID-19 volunteering both at the UK national level and the more local community level? Methods A rapid review of the literature in peer-reviewed databases and grey literature was applied in our search, following the PRISMA principles. The search was conducted from 10 to 16 of October 2020, and sources were included on the basis of having been published between January and October 2020, focusing on COVID-19 and addressing community groups, volunteering groups, volunteers, or community champions in the UK. Results After initial screening, a total of 40 relevant sources were identified. From these, 27 were considered eligible. Findings suggest that food shopping and emotional support were the most common activities, but there were diverse models of organisation and coordination in COVID-19 volunteering. Additionally, community support groups seem to be adjusting their activities and scope of action to current needs and challenges. Volunteers were mostly women, middle-class, highly educated, and working-age people. Social networks and connections, local knowledge, and social trust were key dimensions associated with community organising and volunteering. Furthermore, despite the efforts of a few official public institutions and councils, there has been limited community engagement and collaboration with volunteering groups and other community-based organisations. Conclusions We identified important factors for fostering community engagement and COVID-19 volunteering as well as gaps in the current literature. We suggest that future research should be directed towards deepening knowledge on sustaining community engagement, collaboration and community participation over time, during and beyond this pandemic.

scholarly journals What have we learned so far about COVID-19 volunteering in the UK? A rapid review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanlan Mao ◽  
Maria Fernandes-Jesus ◽  
Evangelos Ntontis ◽  
John Drury
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundCommunity engagement and volunteering are essential for the public response to COVID-19. Since March 2020 a large number of people in the UK have been regularly doing unpaid activities to benefit others besides their close relatives. Although most mutual aid groups emerged from local neighbourhoods and communities, official public institutions also fostered community volunteering, namely through the community champions scheme. By considering a broad definition of COVID-19 volunteering, this article describes a systematic review of the literature focused on two broad questions: What have we learned so far from COVID-19 volunteering both at the UK national level and the more local community level? What have we learned from engagement with local communities and community champions during the COVID-19 period?MethodsA rapid review of the literature in peer-reviewed databases and grey literature was applied in our search, following the PRISMA principles. The search was conducted from 10 to 16 of October 2020, and sources were included on the basis of having been published between January and October 2020, focusing on COVID-19 and addressing community groups, volunteering groups, volunteers, or community champions in the UK.ResultsAfter initial screening, a total of 40 relevant sources were identified. From these, 28 were considered eligible. Findings suggest that food shopping and emotional support were the most common activities, but there were diverse models of organisation and coordination in COVID-19 volunteering. Additionally, community support groups seem to be adjusting their activities and scope of action to current needs and challenges. Volunteers were mostly women, middle-class, highly educated, and working-age people. Social networks and connections, local knowledge, and social trust were key dimensions associated with community organising and volunteering. Furthermore, despite the efforts of a few official public institutions and councils, there has been limited community engagement and collaboration with volunteering groups and other community-based organisations.ConclusionsWe identified important factors for fostering community engagement and COVID volunteering as well as gaps in the current literature. We suggest that future research should be directed towards deepening knowledge on sustaining community engagement, collaboration and community participation over time, during and beyond this pandemic.

scholarly journals Population (Antibody) Testing for COVID-19—Technical Challenges, Application and Relevance, an English Perspective

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 550
Author(s):  
Peter A. C. Maple
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
Antibody Assays ◽  
The Uk

In the UK, population virus or antibody testing using virus swabs, serum samples, blood spots or oral fluids has been performed to a limited extent for several diseases including measles, mumps, rubella and hepatitis and HIV. The collection of population-based infection and immunity data is key to the monitoring of disease prevalence and assessing the effectiveness of interventions such as behavioural modifications and vaccination. In particular, the biological properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its interaction with the human host have presented several challenges towards the development of population-based immunity testing. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 immunity requires the development of antibody assays of acceptable sensitivity and specificity which are capable of accurately detecting seroprevalence and differentiating protection from non-protective responses. Now that anti-COVID-19 vaccines are becoming available there is a pressing need to measure vaccine efficacy and the development of herd immunity. The unprecedented impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic and social disruption has mobilized a national scientific effort to learn more about this virus. In this article, the challenges of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in relation to population-based immunity testing, will be considered and examples given of relevant national level studies.

Predicting the risk of respiratory distress in newborns with congenital pulmonary malformations

2021 ◽  
pp. 2100949
Author(s):  
Christophe Delacourt ◽  
Nathalie Bertille ◽  
Laurent J. Salomon ◽  
Makan Rashenas ◽  
Alexandra Benachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Predictive Variable ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Roc Area

ObjectivesMost children with prenatally diagnosed congenital pulmonary malformations (CPM) are asymptomatic at birth. We aimed to develop a parsimonious prognostic model for predicting the risk of neonatal respiratory distress (NRD) in preterm and term infants with CPM, based on the prenatal attributes of the malformation.MethodsMALFPULM is a prospective population-based nationally representative cohort including 436 pregnant women. The main predictive variable was the CPM volume ratio (CVR) measured at diagnosis (CVR first) and the highest CVR measured (CVR max). Separate models were estimated for preterm and term infants and were validated by bootstrapping.ResultsIn total, 67 of the 383 neonates studied (17%) had NRD. For infants born at term (>37 weeks, N=351), the most parsimonious model included CVR max as the only predictive variable (ROC area: 0.70±0.04, negative predictive value: 0.91). The probability of NRD increased linearly with increasing CVR max and remained below 10% for CVR max<0.4. In preterm infants (N=32), both CVR max and gestational age were important predictors of the risk of NRD (ROC area: 0.85±0.07). Models based on CVR first had a similar predictive ability.ConclusionsPredictive models based exclusively on CVR measurements had a high negative predictive value in infants born at term. Our study results could contribute to the individualised general risk assessment to guide decisions about the need for newborns with prenatally diagnosed CPM to be delivered at specialised centers.

Changes and developments in Greek libraries

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Papazoglou ◽  
Eva Semertzaki
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
National Level ◽  
Community Support ◽  
School Libraries ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Bibliographic Records ◽  
National Book ◽  
Additional Support

Greek libraries have experienced a tremendous evolution towards modernization during the last few years. The lack of tradition in libraries and the existence of an educational system based on the single textbook did not favor until recently the development of libraries in Greece. However, the European Community action aimed at enabling European libraries to play an important role in the information market, and the Community Support Framework, through which libraries could be funded at the national level, allowed for a dynamic set of actions for Greek libraries. All types of libraries, academic, public and school are moving ahead – 500 school libraries were established in secondary schools alone. In the academic libraries, the horizontal action can be proud of the creation of a consortium called HEAL LINK that shares journal subscriptions and will also operate a Union Catalog of bibliographic records. Library‐related organizations such as the National Documentation Center and the National Book Center, offer additional support in this movement of progress. This paper describes these initiatives and others.

scholarly journals Humour as coping and Flow as correlates of Subjective Happiness among Athletes and Non-athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose, S ◽  
Faisal, T ◽  
Mathai, S. M
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Subjective Happiness Scale ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Athletic Activities ◽  
State Scale

This study intends to find out if humour as coping and flow could  significantly be different among athletes and non-athletes, and if the above mentioned variables show any kind of relationship with subjective happiness. A sample of 62 athletes and 75 non-athletes aged between 16 and 22 were selected for the study. Inventories were used to collect the data. It includes The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) by Lyubomirsky (1999) , The Coping Humour Scale(CHS) developed by .A Martin (1983)  and Flow State Scale by Jackson (1995). Demographic information including their age, gender, education level, and sporting involvement was also collected. The obtained results showed that Flow and humour are significantly higher for athletes than non-athletes. Flow and humour is also found to have a significant positive correlation with subjective happiness. Males are found to experience greater subjective happiness than females and they use more humour as coping. National level players experience more flow state than state level players. Second born children were found to be more happier than first born children.  Thus within the limits and limitations of the present study results imply that engagements in athletic activities enhances humour coping and flow which contribute to better subjective happiness.

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