scholarly journals How norm violators rise and fall in the eyes of others: The role of sanctions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254574
Author(s):  
Florian Wanders ◽  
Astrid C. Homan ◽  
Annelies E. M. van Vianen ◽  
Rima-Maria Rahal ◽  
Gerben A. van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
Change Perceptions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perceived Power

Norm violators demonstrate that they can behave as they wish, which makes them appear powerful. Potentially, this is the beginning of a self-reinforcing loop, in which greater perceived power invites further norm violations. Here we investigate the possibility that sanctions can break this loop by reducing the power that observers attribute to norm violators. Despite an abundance of research on the effects of sanctions as deterrents for norm-violating behavior, little is known about how sanctions may change perceptions of individuals who do (or do not) violate norms. Replicating previous research, we found in two studies (N1 = 203, N2 = 132) that norm violators are perceived as having greater volitional capacity compared to norm abiders. Qualifying previous research, however, we demonstrate that perceptions of volition only translate into attributions of greater power in the absence of sanctions. We discuss implications for social hierarchies and point out avenues for further research on the social dynamics of power.

From ‘People's Struggle’ to ‘This War of Today’: Entanglements of Peace and Conflict in Guinea-Bissau

Africa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Padrão Temudo
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
The Social ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Client Relations ◽  
Partial Consensus

This article aims at contributing to our understanding of violence and warfare in contemporary West Africa by adopting a bi-focal analysis that looks both at power struggles within the urban elite and at the grassroots multi-ethnic setting in southern Guinea-Bissau. I pay close attention to the social dynamics of rural peoples' perspectives, coping strategies and inter-ethnic conflicts. Local conflicts are elucidated as an ongoing process that traverses times of war and peace. Although they are subject to manipulation by urban actors, local conflicts are also a matter of continuous negotiation and partial consensus at the grassroots. In stark contrast to this, the struggles in the ruling group are characterized by an escalating spiral of factionalism, diminishing compromises and elimination of rivals. By analysing the relationship between urban and rural actors and the role of cosmology, the article also aims to shed new light on the multiple shapes patron–client relations can assume in Africa.

Shtetls, Taverns, and Baptisms

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie R. Schainker
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Conversion Narratives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intimate Knowledge

Chapter 3 explores the social dynamics of religious toleration and the confessional state from below by examining the spaces of Jewish conversion. The chapter presents a range of conversion narratives which locate interfaith encounters at the local tavern as the springboard for migrating to a different confessional community. It analyzes daily social interactions among Jewish and neighboring Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, and Ukrainian communities, and how these encounters nurtured intimate knowledge of other confessional lifestyles, facilitated interfaith relationships, and provided access to the personnel and institutions of other faiths. By taking a geographical approach, the chapter presents the western provincial towns and villages of imperial Russia as interreligious zones wherein conversion was predicated on interconfessional networks, sociability, and a personal familiarity with Christianity via its adherents. In exploring forms of encounter, the chapter highlights the role of the local godparent—often local elites or civil/military personnel—in facilitating confessional transfers.

scholarly journals The social dynamics of heterogeneous innovation ecosystems

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 184797901772161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter Ferdinand ◽  
Uli Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Innovation Ecosystem ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Innovation Ecosystems ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
The Social

In this article, we develop a programmatic notion of innovation ecosystems, which emphasizes the analysis of different forms of distributed innovation without reducing the perspective to the role of a focal organization. It highlights relationships between communities and corporate firms as nexus for distributed innovation and elaborates how different facets of openness shape the dynamic of the ecosystem. Thus, our model allows for the analysis and comparison of a broad scope of constellations, their particular coordinating mechanisms as well as related advantages and disadvantages. We apply this framework to two specific cases of distributed innovation, the RepRap 3D printer and the ARA modular smartphone, in order to delineate how differences in the forms of openness affect the prevalent relationships between communities and firms as well as the constituting functions of their particular innovation ecosystem.

Minorities and Foreigners in a Provincial Iranian City: Bahāʾis in the Russian Consulate of Isfahan in 1903

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-132
Author(s):  
Saghar Sadeghian
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iranian History ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
The City ◽  
Previous Scholarship

This article is about the struggles of a persecuted confessional minority in Qajar Iran. It shows that the massacre of the Bahāʾis in Isfahan in 1903 was representative of the ongoing power struggles in the city. Previous scholarship that has briefly explored these events has relied primarily on a handful of British diplomatic sources. Drawing on unexplored documents in British and Iranian archives, this article provides crucial details about the social dynamics on the ground and stresses the role of key actors involved in this episode in Iranian history. In the process, the article puts together the socio-economic contexts of the events in Isfahan, explains why the Bahāʾis sought foreign protection, and analyzes the attitudes of powerful local actors such as Zell al-Soltān and Āqā Najafi.

Alfonso López Pumarejo and Liberal Radicalism in 1930s Colombia

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Party System ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
The Social

AbstractThis article locates the first regime of Alfonso López Pumarejo (the Revolutión en marcha, 1934–8) within the social dynamics of Colombia's polarised party system, rather than the developmentalist and class dynamics that are frequently invoked. López's economic and political thought is shown to be far closer to the partisan and antistatist traditions of Colombian liberalism than is often assumed, and his rise to power is depicted as a victory of political strategy rather than class alliances. After surveying the role of the Acción Liberal group of intellectuals in the radicalisation of Liberal discourse, culminating in the constitutional reform of 1936, the article offers hypotheses about the transitory nature of López-era Liberal radicalism.

scholarly journals Urbanization before Cities: Lessons for Social Theory from the Evolution of Cities

2012 ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
The World ◽  
Process Of Urbanization

This article examines the role of the world-system in the structure of cities. Data from the evolution of cities in the Fertile Crescent shows that a number of traits of modern cities were also present in the earliest cities. Specifically, mass production, social differentiation and inequality, cultural mechanisms utilized for social control, and a tendency – even a need – for territorial expansion were all characteristic of ancient cities. Such characteristics of cities are rooted in the process of urbanization, understood here as the creation and maintenance of networks of economic and cultural exchange amongst communities in disparate regions. Citiesare understood as “nodes” in this system of exchange. It is argued that urbanization predatescities by thousands of years, and that the social dynamics arising from urbanization must be teased out of the data in order to understand cities better.

The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL GILBERT ◽  
STEVEN ALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolutionary View ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Relationship

Background. The social rank theory of psychopathology suggests that with the evolution of social hierarchies various psychobiological mechanisms became attuned to the success or failure in conflict situations. Specifically, subordinates and those who have lost status are at greater risk of pathology than winners and those of higher status. In this theory concepts of defeat and entrapment are seen to be of special relevance to the study of depression. We outline the role of defeat and entrapment within the social rank theory of depression.Methods. New self-report measures of entrapment and defeat were developed and used to test predictions of the social rank theory of depression. Both a sample of students and depressed patients were assessed with these new scales and other social rank measures (e.g. social comparison and submissive behaviour).Results. The entrapment and defeat measures were found to have good psychometric properties and significantly correlated with depression. They were also strongly associated with other rank variables. Defeat maintained a strong association with depression even after controlling for hopelessness (r=0·62), whereas the relationship between hopelessness and depression was substantially reduced when controlling for defeat. Entrapment and defeat added substantially to the explained variance of depression after controlling for the other social rank variables.Conclusions. Defeat and entrapment appear to be promising variables for the study of depression. These variables may also help to develop linkages between human and animal models of psychopathology.

A Bird in the House: An Anthropological Perspective on Companion Parrots

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Society

AbstractAlthough companion birds are the third most-common animal companion—after dogs and cats—in U.S. households, few anthrozoological publications focus on them. This study examines the role of companion parrots in American households. The study combines a literature review with the results of a survey of bird owners and participant observation. The study uses the resulting qualitative and quantitative data in addressing the social dynamics of companion parrot ownership in the household. The data support the impression that companion parrots increasingly are being considered family members, or "Fids" ("Feathered Kids"), thus following current trends in American society that accord companion animals in general a greater investment in time, money, and emotion. However, the general public is not well informed about the complexities of captive parrot care, and psittacine wellness is an important concern.

scholarly journals The Social Rank of Zoo-Housed Japanese Macaques is a Predictor of Visitor-Directed Aggression

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn M. Woods ◽  
Stephen R. Ross ◽  
Katherine A. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Crowd Size

The effect that visitors have on the behavior and welfare of animals is a widely-studied topic in zoo animal welfare. Typically, these studies focus on how the presence or activity levels of visitors affect animals. However, for many species, and particularly primates, social factors, such as social rank, can also have a large impact on behavior. Here, we considered the influence of both the role of visitors (crowd size and activity levels) and rank on the occurrence of visitor-directed aggression by zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata, N = 12). We conducted 52 weeks of observation (443.8 h) of macaques living in a large outdoor habitat and recorded 1574 events of visitor-directed behavior, 94.2% of which was characterized as aggressive. We calculated rank using the Elo-rating method. GLMM comparisons indicate that rank was a significant predictor of visitor-directed aggression, with lower-ranked individuals displaying more frequent aggression towards visitors. Additionally, visitor-directed aggression differed by crowd activity levels, but not crowd size. These results support our prediction that rank is associated with differences in visitor-directed aggression, and we interpret this pattern as lower-ranking macaques redirecting aggression toward zoo visitors as safe targets. This work emphasizes how factors emanating from the zoo environment can combine with social dynamics to influence primate response to human presence in the zoo setting.

The social politics of dispossession: Informal institutions and land expropriation in China

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (16) ◽  
pp. 3331-3346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karita Kan
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Land Expropriation ◽  
Land Dispossession ◽  
The Social ◽  
Land Control

Extant studies on land dispossession often focus on its economic and extra-economic aspects, with respective emphasis on the operation of market mechanisms and the deployment of state-led coercion in bringing about the separation of households from their land. This article draws attention to the under-examined role of informal institutions in the politics of dispossession. Social organisations such as lineages and clans pervade grassroots societies and are central to land control and configurations of property rights. In China, the reconsolidation of lineages as shareholding corporations that develop real estate and operate land transfers has rendered them prominent actors in the politics of land and urbanisation. Drawing on an empirical case study, this article argues that informal institutions play a crucial role in mediating both the economic and extra-economic processes of dispossession. It further shows how, by providing the networks necessary for collective mobilisation and supplying the normative framework through which rightful shares in land are claimed, social organisations are at the same time instrumental in the organisation of anti-dispossession struggles. By unravelling the social dynamics that underlie land expropriation, this article offers a nuanced perspective to the politics of dispossession that goes beyond narratives of state-led coercion and market compulsion.

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