TEORI ADAT DALAM QOWAID FIQHIYAH DAN PENERAPANYA DALAM HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM

One of the five major fiqhiyah rules that has a broad scope of discussion branches is Al-'adah muhakkamah. This rule is built on the basis of adat and local wisdom that exists in every community, where this custom is continuously carried out by the community without any denial of them. In fact, individuals who violate these customs will be considered as foreigners. Therefore, Islam makes the customs of the community as a legal basis as long as it fulfills the requirements set by the Shari'a. This paper aims to examine the rules of fiqhiyah "al-'âdat muhakkamah" in general and its implementation in the field of the Islamic family. This type of research is qualitative which relies on the analysis of data obtained from classical and contemporary literature. The results of the study suggest that al-'adah is something that occurs repeatedly which is accepted by common sense and human nature. The theory can also be a judge or legal determinant as long as it does not conflict with the Shari'a or does not go out of the way of maqosid sharia. The rule of al-'Adah muhakkamah can also be implemented as a judge in the field of Islamic family law both classical and contemporary. Abstrak Salah satu dari lima kaidah fiqhiyah besar yang memiliki cakupan cabang pembahasan yang luas adalah Al-‘adah muhakkamah. Kaidah ini dibangun atas landasan adat dan kearifan lokal yang ada pada setiap komunitas masyarakat, dimana adat ini secara kontinu dilakukan oleh masyarakat tanpa adanya pengingkaran dari mereka. Bahkan justru individu-individu yang menyelisihi adat tersebut akan dianggap sebagai orang asing. Oleh sebab itu, Islam menjadikan adat komunitas masyarakat sebagai landasan hukum selama memenuhi persyaratan-persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh syariat. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kaidah fiqhiyah “al-‘âdat muhakkamah” secara umum serta implementasinya dalam bidang keluarga Islam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif yang bertumpu pada analisis data yang diperoleh dari literatur-literatur klasik dan kontemporer. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa al-‘adah merupakan sesuatu yang terjadi secara berulang-ulang yang diterima oleh akal sehat dan fitrah manusia. Teori juga dapat menjadi hakim atau penentu hukum selama tidak bertentangan dengan syariat atau tidak keluar dari jalur maqosid syariah. Kaidah al-‘Adah muhakkamah juga dapat di implementasikan sebagai hakim dalam bidang hukum keluarga Islam baik klasik maupun kontemporer.

Green Chemistry: Air-Triggered Catalyst- and Oxidant-Free Decarboxylative Oxysulfonylation of Arylpropiolic Acids With Sodium Sulfinates

The exploration of novel green synthetic strategies to obtain useful organic molecules is one of the most important missions for sustainable development. Herein, an efficient and sustainable decarboxylative oxysulfonylation between arylpropiolic acids and sodium sulfinates has been established, providing a broad scope of β-ketosulfones in excellent yields. The reactions proceed at room temperature employing air as the only oxidant and oxygen source without extra catalyst, oxidant, and additive. Additionally, the reaction is scalable, and the products have been easily isolated by simple recrystallization, avoiding the chromatographic purification. Mechanistic studies have also been conducted to reveal that the reaction proceed via a radical mechanism.

Enantioselective Au(I)-Catalyzed Multicomponent Annulation via Tethered Counterion-Directed Catalysis

Gold(I) complexes of a new chiral phosphoric acid functionalized phosphine of the CPA-Phos series enable the enantioselective multicomponent reactions between aldehydes, hydroxylamines and cyclic yne-enones, leading to 3,4-dihydro-1H-furo[3,4-d][1,2]oxazines. This represents the first example of highly enantioselective multicomponent reaction in gold(I) catalysis. The reactions proceed at low catalyst loading, provide high yields, total diastereoselectivity and enantiomeric excesses up to 99%. Silver-free conditions can be applied. The method has a very broad scope, as it applies to both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and hydroxylamines, to a variety of cyclic yne-enones, as well as to yne-enone derived oximes. DFT calculations are reported that enlighten the enantiocontrol pathway.

One-pot three-component tandem annulation of 4-hydroxycoumarine with aldehyde and aromatic amines using graphene oxide as an efficient catalyst

A convenient and efficient solvent-free, facile, one-pot three-component graphene oxide catalysed approach has been described for the synthesis of chromeno-[4,3-b]quinolin-6-one derivatives from 4-hydroxycoumarin with aldehydes and aromatic amines. Graphene oxide (GO) has proved to be a new class of heterogeneous carbocatalyst which could be easily recovered and reused up to 5th run without significant loss of its catalytic activity. A broad scope of substrate applicability is offered and a plausible mechanism is also suggested for this developed protocol.

Effect of Problem Based Instruction Model Based on Learning Video and Educational Games Media on the Self Efficacy of Students of Class X SMK N 17 Jakarta

This study discusses the differences in self-efficacy of class X students at SMK N 17 Jakarta from the application of the PBI learning model with the help of two different learning media. The media used in this research are learning videos which applied to the experimental class and educational games (quizizz) in the control class. The limitations of the problem in this study include, the broad scope only includes information obtained from the results of the application of the PBI learning model with two different media on student self-efficacy, the information presented, includes : application of the PBI learning model with learning video media and educational games, differences in student self-efficacy. The purpose of the study was to find evidence of whether there was a difference in student self-efficacy after the implementation of the PBI learning model with the help of two different media. Based on the data hypothesis test conducted by comparing the scores of the self-efficacy between the experimental class and the control class, it was concluded that there was a significant difference between the students' self-efficacy in both classes. The average score of self-efficacy in the experimental class is higher than the control class, so that in the future the use of learning video media can be one of the best alternative during the implementation of PBI learning model to support student self-efficacy.

Photodynamic Therapy: A Compendium of Latest Reviews

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapy against cancer. Even though it has been investigated for more than 100 years, scientific publications have grown exponentially in the last two decades. For this reason, we present a brief compendium of reviews of the last two decades classified under different topics, namely, overviews, reviews about specific cancers, and meta-analyses of photosensitisers, PDT mechanisms, dosimetry, and light sources. The key issues and main conclusions are summarized, including ways and means to improve therapy and outcomes. Due to the broad scope of this work and it being the first time that a compendium of the latest reviews has been performed for PDT, it may be of interest to a wide audience.

Metrology: A New Open Access Journal with a Broad Scope and an Exciting Mission

It is with sincere pleasure that we welcome you to the inaugural issue of Metrology [...]

Studi Biblika Tentang konsep Penyucian

Sanctification is not an important theme only in the New Testament, but throughout the canonical books.The conception of sanctification in the Bible is a very large study and has a very broad scope of description.this is a literature study; That's why it is considered important to add several references to the books included in the article as a synergistic whole. The scope of the discussion to be focused on is consistent with the idea of purification. In his description, of course, there will be a lot of theological cases found in the OT and NT, so the author will quote various verses as mutually consolidated evidence.The method used in this research is descriptive with an exposition approach. Exploring deeply the ideas and meanings contained in the discussion text. Theological and biblical studies will be a priority in coloring writing by not ignoring the hermeneutic principles contained in biblical exegesis. since childhood we have got the understanding that every religion in this world none of them teach about impurity and ugliness. In other words, all religions agree that in religion, purification must have a special place.Although it looks one in the theme, namely sanctification, in reality we will find formulations that experience fundamental differences both in principle and in practice, in the conception of sanctification.To put anthropocentrism in sanctification is futile. It takes a second party who is super power, super holy and he must come from the party who knows more about who humans are and how humans are. He must be the creator of the universe and everything in it. ALLAH, only He has the ability to do all these things.

Litewska mniejszość narodowa w Polsce – język i społeczność

This paper is dedicated to Lithuanians, one of the smallest national minorities in Poland. It characterises the Lithuanian community, which densely populates the Podlasie region in three clusters (Puńsk, Sejny, Suwałki). The study presents the last century’s history of the Lithuanian education and culture, including differences between the Puńsk and Sejny centres. Lithuanians’ strong sense of national identity is closely connected with their mother tongue, culture and traditions. The minority’s community nature is evidenced by the high prestige and broad scope of use of the native dialect. The functions of the primary and secondary languages are clearly specifi ed by the Lithuanian- or Polish-speaking recipient. The transformations occurring in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect are aimed at unifi cation of the Sejny and Puńsk dialects in younger people’s speech and creation of a regiolect. Interference under a strong infl uence of the Polish language is noticeable at all levels of the primary language