scholarly journals The boundary-spanning mechanisms of Nobel Prize winning papers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254744
Author(s):  
Yakub Sebastian ◽  
Chaomei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Betweenness Centrality ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Boundary Spanning ◽  
Leading Indicators ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
First Time

The breakthrough potentials of research papers can be explained by their boundary-spanning qualities. Here, for the first time, we apply the structural variation analysis (SVA) model and its affiliated metrics to investigate the extent to which such qualities characterize a group of Nobel Prize winning papers. We find that these papers share remarkable boundary-spanning traits, marked by exceptional abilities to connect disparate and topically-diverse clusters of research papers. Further, their publications exert structural variations on a scale that significantly alters the betweenness centrality distributions in existing intellectual space. Overall, SVA not only provides a set of leading indicators for describing future Nobel Prize winning papers, but also broadens our understanding of similar prize-winning properties that may have been overlooked among other regular publications.

ABEL PRIZE AS THE FLAGSHIP OF WORLD MATH ADVANCES

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Nataliya V. Grishina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Famous Scientist ◽  
International Authority ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

The annual prize, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, bears the name of the famous scientist Niels-Henrik Abel and has a reputation as a Nobel Prize for mathematicians, with its size in terms of money of about $1 million. Since Alfred Nobel, in his will, determined the range of scientific areas for the payment of bonuses that did not include mathematics, the Norwegian mathematician Sofus Lee at the end of his life devoted all his efforts and his international authority to create a foundation for awarding prizes to mathematicians. He wanted to give the award the name of Niels Henrik Abel, also a Norwegian mathematician. The article presents a historical background for the formation of the Abel Prize. The winners of the main mathematical prize for all the years of its existence and their major achievements are shown. Among laureates of the Abel Prize there are outstanding scientists from 11 countries: France, Great Britain, Lebanon, USA, Hungary, Sweden, India, Belgium, Russia, Canada and Israel. Three times the prize was at once awarded to two scientists. And in 2019, for the first time ever the woman – Karen Keskalla Uhlenbeck – professor, American mathematician, became the winner of the prestigious mathematics award.

scholarly journals Enabling multiscale variation analysis with genome graphs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Letcher ◽  
Martin Hunt ◽  
Zamin Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graph ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Variant Calling ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
New Algorithms ◽  
Genome Graph

AbstractBackgroundStandard approaches to characterising genetic variation revolve around mapping reads to a reference genome and describing variants in terms of differences from the reference; this is based on the assumption that these differences will be small and provides a simple coordinate system. However this fails, and the coordinates break down, when there are diverged haplotypes at a locus (e.g. one haplotype contains a multi-kilobase deletion, a second contains a few SNPs, and a third is highly diverged with hundreds of SNPs). To handle these, we need to model genetic variation that occurs at different length-scales (SNPs to large structural variants) and that occurs on alternate backgrounds. We refer to these together as multiscale variation.ResultsWe model the genome as a directed acyclic graph consisting of successive hierarchical subgraphs (“sites”) that naturally incorporate multiscale variation, and introduce an algorithm for genotyping, implemented in the software gramtools. This enables variant calling on different sequence backgrounds. In addition to producing regular VCF files, we introduce a JSON file format based on VCF, which records variant site relationships and alternate sequence backgrounds.We show two applications. First, we benchmark gramtools against existing state-of-the-art methods in joint-genotyping 17 M. tuberculosis samples at long deletions and the overlapping small variants that segregate in a cohort of 1,017 genomes. Second, in 706 African and SE Asian P. falciparum genomes, we analyse a dimorphic surface antigen gene which possesses variation on two diverged backgrounds which appeared to not recombine. This generates the first map of variation on both backgrounds, revealing patterns of recombination that were previously unknown.ConclusionsWe need new approaches to be able to jointly analyse SNP and structural variation in cohorts, and even more to handle variants on different genetic backgrounds. We have demonstrated that by modelling with a directed, acyclic and locally hierarchical genome graph, we can apply new algorithms to accurately genotype dense variation at multiple scales. We also propose a generalisation of VCF for accessing multiscale variation in genome graphs, which we hope will be of wide utility.

scholarly journals Capturing the Pattern of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Exposure Variation Analysis of Accelerometer Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Straker ◽  
Amity Campbell ◽  
Svend Erik Mathiassen ◽  
Rebecca Anne Abbott ◽  
Sharon Parry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Exposure Variation Analysis ◽  
First Time

Background:Capturing the complex time pattern of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) using accelerometry remains a challenge. Research from occupational health suggests exposure variation analysis (EVA) could provide a meaningful tool. This paper (1) explains the application of EVA to accelerometer data, (2) demonstrates how EVA thresholds and derivatives could be chosen and used to examine adherence to PA and SB guidelines, and (3) explores the validity of EVA outputs.Methods:EVA outputs are compared with accelerometer data from 4 individuals (Study 1a and1b) and 3 occupational groups (Study 2): seated workstation office workers (n = 8), standing workstation office workers (n = 8), and teachers (n = 8).Results:Line graphs and related EVA graphs highlight the use of EVA derivatives for examining compliance with guidelines. EVA derivatives of occupational groups confirm no difference in bouts of activity but clear differences as expected in extended bouts of SB and brief bursts of activity, thus providing evidence of construct validity.Conclusions:EVA offers a unique and comprehensive generic method that is able, for the first time, to capture the time pattern (both frequency and intensity) of PA and SB, which can be tailored for both occupational and public health research.

Memories of early days in solid state physics

1980 ◽  
Vol 371 (1744) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Physics ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Niels Bohr ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Atomic Collisions

Mott, Sir Nevill. Born Leeds 1905. Studied theoretical physics under R. H. Fowler in Cambridge, in Copenhagen under Niels Bohr and in Gottingen. Professor of Theoretical Physics in Bristol 1933-54, and Cavendish Professor of Physics, Cambridge 1954-71. Nobel Prize for Physics 1977. Author of several books and research papers on application of quantum mechanics to atomic collisions and since 1933 on problems of solid state science

What are the characteristics of first time older sexual offenders?

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Chua ◽  
Gary Cheung ◽  
Susan Hatters Friedman ◽  
Sigourney Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACTBackground:Our objective was to examine and describe the common socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of first time older sex offenders.Methods:Research papers published in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were searched systematically. Following removal of duplicates and irrelevant papers, a total of 423 papers were reviewed to determine whether the selection criteria were met. A total of seven publications were included and evaluated by two researchers.Results:Of the seven publications, there were two retrospective research studies and five case reports. There was a higher proportion of neurocognitive disorder in this offender group and the victims were usually vulnerable individuals. Yet, cognitive assessments were rarely done or reported. Two subtypes of older sex offenders were identified: (i) offenders who had offended in the past but were not previously detected; (ii) first-time offenders with a high proportion of neurocognitive disorder.Conclusion:There is a paucity of research in first time sex offending by older people. This review has highlighted a need for better designed studies to explore the characteristics of older sex offenders. Better collaboration between forensic and old-age psychiatric services is required for improved assessment and management of older sex offenders.

Winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Oksana Aleksandrovna Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

Despite the height of the coronavirus infection, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded in Stockholm in October 2020. This event was held online for the first time and was not accompanied by the traditional honoring of the laureates. In his will, Alfred Nobel entrusted the selection of the winner in this nomination to the Karolinska Medical and Surgical University of Stockholm, and the first award in this nomination took place in 1901. Since then, this event has been held 110 times, and 216 scientists have become laureates of the prize in the field of physiology and medicine, since the nominees are often not just one, but a group of researchers. This happened in 2020 - for research in the field of studying the hepatitis C virus, three scientists received the most prestigious award: the British Michael Houghton and the Americans Harvey Alter and Charles Rice. Due to the results of the research, which these three people conducted separately from each other, for the first time it became possible to completely eliminate the virus from the body.

BALLAD GENRE IN KABARDIAN LITERATURE: GENESIS AND EVOLUTION

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
L.B. KHAVZHOKOVA ◽  
◽  
R.S. ATLASKIROVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Evolutionary Path ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Poetry ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the study of the ballad genre in Kabardian literature: the features of its genesis and evolution are considered in the context of the general Adyge literary process. For the first time, the issues of the origin of the genre in national poetry are studied, the entire evolutionary path is traced, from the origins to the present. The specificity of mastering the genre by Kabardian authors is investigated, specific works are analyzed for compliance / non-compliance with its canons. The ballads of Z. Naloev, B. Utizhev, A. Orazaev, Kh. Kazharov, A. Bitsuev are subjected to a comprehensive, complex analysis, their content and structural-compositional features are revealed. The article uses a number of scientific methods, including the main ones - analysis, description, as well as comparative-historical and hermeneutic methods. The results obtained can be helpful in studying the history of the ballad genre in the Adyghe literature, more generally in the North Caucasian literature, as well as in compiling special courses and writing qualification and other types of research papers.

Report of the Executive Director

PMLA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-840
Keyword(s):  
Executive Director ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Convention Program ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Committee Membership ◽  
Academic Workforce ◽  
First Time

I Am Pleased to Report on the Association's Activities in 2009, a year in which the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers was published. The new edition, sent free to members, contains significant updates to MLA citation style and offers an electronic component for the first time. Another project in 2009, the Academic Workforce Advocacy Kit on the MLA Web site, brings together documents that equip members to work for long-term change in employment conditions. New online benefits of MLA membership include the Directory of Periodicals, a customizable convention program, and self-nomination forms for committee membership. Although the MLA, like all associations and academic institutions, has felt the effects of the economic recession, our membership and finances remained strong in 2009.

The Biggest Ears in the Sky: LIGO

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-136
Author(s):  
John W. Moffat
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Executive Director ◽  
Numerical Relativity ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Press Conference ◽  
The Masses ◽  
First Time

At a press conference on February 11, 2016, David Reitz, LIGO Executive Director, announced, “We did it!” They detected gravitational waves for the first time. Both LIGO sites, in Washington state and Louisiana, registered the incoming gravitational waves from two black holes colliding and merging far away. Over the following months, more mergers were detected. Gravitational waves are caused by the acceleration of a massive object, which stretches and compresses spacetime in a wave-like motion that is incredibly small and difficult to detect. Numerical relativity research over decades has produced over a quarter of a million template solutions of Einstein’s equations. The best template fit to the wave form data identifies the masses and spins of the two merging black holes. Much of this chapter describes the technology of the LIGO apparatus. On October 3, 2017, Barish, Thorne, and Weiss, the founders of LIGO, received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

scholarly journals Microribbons composed of directionally self-assembled nanoflakes as highly stretchable ionic neural electrodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (26) ◽  
pp. 14667-14675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingchao Zhang ◽  
Rui Guo ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Yiliang Wang ◽  
Jiali Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Neural Electrodes ◽  
Self Assembled

Many natural materials possess built-in structural variation, endowing them with superior performance. However, it is challenging to realize programmable structural variation in self-assembled synthetic materials since self-assembly processes usually generate uniform and ordered structures. Here, we report the formation of asymmetric microribbons composed of directionally self-assembled two-dimensional nanoflakes in a polymeric matrix during three-dimensional direct-ink printing. The printed ribbons with embedded structural variations show site-specific variance in their mechanical properties. Remarkably, the ribbons can spontaneously transform into ultrastretchable springs with controllable helical architecture upon stimulation. Such springs also exhibit superior nanoscale transport behavior as nanofluidic ionic conductors under even ultralarge tensile strains (>1,000%). Furthermore, to show possible real-world uses of such materials, we demonstrate in vivo neural recording and stimulation using such springs in a bullfrog animal model. Thus, such springs can be used as neural electrodes compatible with soft and dynamic biological tissues.

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