scholarly journals Connecting post-release mortality to the physiological stress response of large coastal sharks in a commercial longline fishery

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0255673
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Whitney ◽  
Karissa O. Lear ◽  
John J. Morris ◽  
Robert E. Hueter ◽  
John K. Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Carcharhinus Plumbeus ◽  
Galeocerdo Cuvier ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Stock Assessments

Bycatch mortality is a major factor contributing to shark population declines. Post-release mortality (PRM) is particularly difficult to quantify, limiting the accuracy of stock assessments. We paired blood-stress physiology with animal-borne accelerometers to quantify PRM rates of sharks caught in a commercial bottom longline fishery. Blood was sampled from the same individuals that were tagged, providing direct correlation between stress physiology and animal fate for sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus, N = 130), blacktip (C. limbatus, N = 105), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier, N = 52), spinner (C. brevipinna, N = 14), and bull sharks (C. leucas, N = 14). PRM rates ranged from 2% and 3% PRM in tiger and sandbar sharks to 42% and 71% PRM in blacktip and spinner sharks, respectively. Decision trees based on blood values predicted mortality with >67% accuracy in blacktip and spinner sharks, and >99% accuracy in sandbar sharks. Ninety percent of PRM occurred within 5 h after release and 59% within 2 h. Blood physiology indicated that PRM was primarily associated with acidosis and increases in plasma potassium levels. Total fishing mortality reached 62% for blacktip and 89% for spinner sharks, which may be under-estimates given that some soak times were shortened to focus on PRM. Our findings suggest that no-take regulations may be beneficial for sandbar, tiger, and bull sharks, but less effective for more susceptible species such as blacktip and spinner sharks.

scholarly journals Effects of drinking water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on stress physiology, oxidative stress, and epigenetic programming in young children living in rural Bangladesh: A randomized clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrie Lin ◽  
Andrew N. Mertens ◽  
Md. Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Sophia Tan ◽  
Dora Il'yasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Factor Binding Site ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Importance: A regulated stress response is essential for healthy trajectories, but the integrated effects of early childhood environmental and nutritional interventions on stress physiology are unknown. Objective: To assess the effects of a combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention on physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a trial in rural Bangladesh, we randomized geographical clusters of pregnant women and their in-utero children into either the combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention or the control group. Physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and methylation levels of 757 children were measured at ages one and two years. Analysis was intention-to-treat. Interventions: The intervention group received combined nutritional counseling and lipid-based nutrient supplements, chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing with soap (N+WSH). The control group did not receive interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures: We measured four isomers of urinary F2-isoprostanes [iPF(2α)-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF(2α)-III; iPF(2α)-VI; 8,12-iso-iPF(2α)-VI] at year one. At year two, we measured pre- and post-stressor concentrations of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, overall methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) exon 1F promoter including methylation levels at the nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A) binding site, mean arterial pressure, and resting heart rate. Results: Children in the N+WSH group had lower levels of F2-isoprostanes compared to controls (difference -0.16 to -0.19 log ng/mg of creatinine, P<0.01). Compared to the control group, post-stressor cortisol levels were elevated (0.24 log μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.4; P<0.01) and the residualized gain score for cortisol was higher (0.06 μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12; P=0.023) in the N+WSH group. Children in the N+WSH group exhibited decreased methylation of the NGFI-A transcription factor binding site (-0.04 logit-transformed %; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0; P=0.037). Conclusions and Relevance: A nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention reduced oxidative stress, enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and reduced methylation levels in a transcription factor binding site of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. A targeted environmental and nutritional intervention affected the set point, reactivity, and regulation of the physiological stress system in early childhood, which may have implications for long-term health and developmental trajectories. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01590095

scholarly journals Bycatch Estimates From a Pacific Tuna Longline Fishery Provide a Baseline for Understanding the Long-Term Benefits of a Large, Blue Water Marine Sanctuary

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Jaiteh ◽  
Tom Peatman ◽  
Steve Lindfield ◽  
Eric Gilman ◽  
Simon Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Tuna Longline

Bycatch on pelagic tuna longlines has contributed to population declines in several far-ranging, oceanic species and presents a conservation challenge that area-based management tools are increasingly promoted to address. In January 2020 the Republic of Palau, concerned about the impacts of longline fishing in its waters, closed 80% of its exclusive economic zone to all extractive activities, reserving the remaining 20% for a domestic fishing zone (DFZ). One of a growing number of very large marine protected areas, the Palau National Marine Sanctuary (PNMS) spans ∼500,000 km2 and was established inter alia to allow for the recovery of fish stocks adversely impacted by tuna longline fleets. Given that the main tuna stocks targeted in the western Pacific are not overexploited, the benefits of protection potentially afforded by the sanctuary are likely greater for vulnerable bycatch species. Evaluations of the sanctuary’s performance require, in part, a baseline of historical catch rates and effort distribution in the distant-water fleet (DWF) and locally based fleet (LBF) operating in Palau prior to sanctuary implementation. We describe the fishing effort, catch rates, catch estimates and fishing mortality in Palau’s longline fishery based on logbook, observer and electronic monitoring data. We defined bycatch as any species, retained or discarded, other than targeted tunas. Between 2010 and 2020, 104.8 million hooks were deployed, catching over 2 million individuals from 117 taxa at an overall target:bycatch ratio of 1:1, with a retention rate of ∼62%. Pronounced differences in fishing strategies and spatial distribution of effort between fleets were associated with large variations in catch rates and composition. The LBF had a larger effect on populations of at-risk species relative to the DWF, with higher catch rates and magnitudes for several vulnerable species and higher observable fishing mortality rates (64% vs 50% in the DWF). The sanctuary reshaped Palau’s longline fishery, contracting the fishery’s area and capacity. The relocation of the DFZ eliminated the LBF and constrained the DWF to an area where the fleet’s total catch rates and those of a number of vulnerable species were historically lower relative to former fishing grounds now closed by the sanctuary. Our results highlight the importance of consistent bycatch monitoring and emphasize the need for regional area-based approaches for managing longline fisheries.

scholarly journals Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1664) ◽  
pp. 2051-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly J. Dickens ◽  
David J. Delehanty ◽  
L. Michael Romero
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Translocation and reintroduction have become major conservation actions in attempts to create self-sustaining wild populations of threatened species. However, avian translocations have a high failure rate and causes for failure are poorly understood. While ‘stress’ is often cited as an important factor in translocation failure, empirical evidence of physiological stress is lacking. Here we show that experimental translocation leads to changes in the physiological stress response in chukar partridge, Alectoris chukar . We found that capture alone significantly decreased the acute glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT) response, but adding exposure to captivity and transport further altered the stress response axis (the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) as evident from a decreased sensitivity of the negative feedback system. Animals that were exposed to the entire translocation procedure, in addition to the reduced acute stress response and disrupted negative feedback, had significantly lower baseline CORT concentrations and significantly reduced body weight. These data indicate that translocation alters stress physiology and that chronic stress is potentially a major factor in translocation failure. Under current practices, the restoration of threatened species through translocation may unwittingly depend on the success of chronically stressed individuals. This conclusion emphasizes the need for understanding and alleviating translocation-induced chronic stress in order to use most effectively this important conservation tool.

Addressing educational inequalities and promoting learning through studies of stress physiology in elementary school students

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1899-1913
Author(s):  
Jelena Obradović ◽  
Emma Armstrong-Carter
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
School Students ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractTo be ready to learn, children need to be focused, engaged, and able to bounce back from setbacks. However, many children come to school with heightened or diminished physiological arousal due to exposure to poverty-related risks. While stress physiology plays a role in explaining how adversity relates to processes that support students’ cognitive development, there is a lack of studies of physiological stress response in educational settings. This review integrates relevant studies and offers future directions for research on the role of stress physiology in the school adaptation of elementary school students, focusing on these important questions: (a) What are the links between physiological stress response and learning-related skills and behaviors, and do they vary as a function of proximal and distal experiences outside of school? (b) How are school experiences associated with students’ physiological stress response and related cognitive and behavioral adaptations? (c) How can we leverage measures of students’ physiological stress response in evaluations of school-based interventions to better support the school success of every student? We hope to stimulate a new wave of research that will advance the science of developmental stress physiology, as well as improve the application of these findings in educational policy and practice.

The reaction of pearl dace (Pisces, Cyprinidae) to alarm substance: time-course of behavior, brain amines, and stress physiology

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2916-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Rehnberg ◽  
R. J. F. Smith ◽  
B. D. Sloley
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Alarm Reaction ◽  
Induced Changes

Pearl dace, Semotilus margarita (Pisces, Cyprinidae), respond behaviorally and physiologically to conspecific alarm substance. The behavioral alarm reaction was biphasic. A brief initial phase of rapid and unpredictable swimming was followed by a period of inactivity that was observable even after 5 h. In nature, biphasic behavioral reactions may function to remove alarmed fish from the area of greatest danger and then render them inconspicuous. The physiological alarm reaction included elements of a stress response. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were elevated at 15 min after the detection of alarm substance, but had returned to control levels by 5 h. There were no odor-induced changes observed in brain concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or tryptophan. The biphasic behavioral response and the physiological stress response were interpreted as adaptations that permit pearl dace to successfully react to threats of predation.

Associations between multisystem stress reactivity and peer nominated aggression in early childhood vary by sex

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1888-1898
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Hagan ◽  
Danielle S. Roubinov ◽  
W. Thomas Boyce ◽  
Nicole R. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Peer Ratings ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that the development of problematic aggression in childhood may be associated with specific physiological stress response patterns, with both biological overactivation and underactivation implicated. This study tested associations between sex-specific patterns of stress responses across the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and peer nominations of aggression among 271 kindergarten children (Mean age = 5.32 years; 52% Female; 44% White). Upon entry to kindergarten, children participated in a multidomain standardized stress paradigm. Changes in pre-ejection period (PEP) and salivary cortisol were assessed. On a separate day, children provided peer ratings of physical and relational aggression in a standardized interview. As expected, there was a significant three-way interaction between PEP, cortisol reactivity, and sex, but only for physical aggression. Among boys, cortisol reactivity was positively associated with physical aggression only for those with higher SNS reactivity. Findings suggest that for boys, asymmetrical and symmetrical HPA/SNS reactivity may be associated with lower and higher risk for peer-directed physical aggression, respectively. Understanding the complex associations between multisystem physiology, child sex and peer-directed aggression in early childhood may offer insight into individual differences underlying the emergence of behavioral dysregulation in early peer contexts.

Reflex impairment and physiological stress response in the Neotropical wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae) exposed to catch-and-release angling

2021 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 105940
Author(s):  
Laura Simões Andrade ◽  
Domingos Garrone-Neto ◽  
Manuela Alves Nobre Sales ◽  
Luciana Rodrigues de Souza-Bastos ◽  
Ursulla Pereira Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Catch And Release ◽  
Physiological Stress Response
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