scholarly journals Why did hunting weapon design change at Abri Pataud? Lithic use-wear data on armature use and hafting around 24,000–22,000 BP

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262185
Author(s):  
Noora Taipale ◽  
Laurent Chiotti ◽  
Veerle Rots
Keyword(s):  
Functional Data ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Projectile Technology ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Evidence Of Impact ◽  
Level 2

Projectile technology is commonly viewed as a significant contributor to past human subsistence and, consequently, to our evolution. Due to the allegedly central role of projectile weapons in the food-getting strategies of Upper Palaeolithic people, typo-technological changes in the European lithic record have often been linked to supposed developments in hunting weaponry. Yet, relatively little reliable functional data is currently available that would aid the detailed reconstruction of past weapon designs. In this paper, we take a use-wear approach to the backed tool assemblages from the Recent and Final Gravettian layers (Levels 3 and 2) of Abri Pataud (Dordogne, France). Our use of strict projectile identification criteria relying on combinations of low and high magnification features and our critical view of the overlap between production and use-related fractures permitted us to confidently identify a large number of used armatures in both collections. By isolating lithic projectiles with the strongest evidence of impact and by recording wear attributes on them in detail, we could establish that the hunting equipment used during the Level 3 occupations involved both lithic weapon tips and composite points armed with lithic inserts. By contrast, the Level 2 assemblage reflects a heavy reliance on composite points in hunting reindeer and other game. Instead of an entirely new weapon design, the Level 2 collection therefore marks a shift in weapon preferences. Using recent faunal data, we discuss the significance of the observed diachronic change from the point of view of prey choice, seasonality, and social organisation of hunting activities. Our analysis shows that to understand their behavioural significance, typo-technological changes in the lithic record must be viewed in the light of functional data and detailed contextual information.

The Chief Executive Officer

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Petter Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Chief Information Officer ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Ceo Successions ◽  
Level 2

The chief executive officer (CEO) is the only executive at level 1 in the hierarchy of an organization (Carpenter & Wade, 2002). All other executives in the organization are at lower levels. At level 2, we find the most senior executives. Level 3 includes the next tier of executives. In our perspective of promoting the chief information officer (CIO) to be the next CEO, we first have to understand the role of the CEO. Therefore, the first chapter of this book is dedicated to the topic of CEO successions (Zhang & Rajagopalan, 2004).

One Point of View: Setting Our Sights High

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Grouws
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Mathematics Instruction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics ◽  
Made In

The way mathematics instruction accommodates the large technological changes sweeping society will profoundly affect the ability of young people to adjust to everyday life situations and perform efficiently in the skilled professions of the future. In particular, continued thoughtful attention must be given to the role of microcomputers in all aspects of the teaching of mathematics. Many significant issues in this area will need to be discussed and important decisions made in the months ahead. We need to set high expectations in these discussions and the decisions that follow from them. Settling for what can be done easily or selling short the talents of our students or our colleagues will be a mistake.

The Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Many Auspicious Doors

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Belanus
Keyword(s):  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Visitor Experience ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Present Level ◽  
Visitor Studies ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Level 2

This chapter uses the 2008 Bhutan program to examine visitor experience and the role of curators in crafting these experiences. Using the suggestive possibilities of a portable Buddhist shrine featured in the program and basing the analysis on 20 years of experience working with the Festival and its evaluation, the author lays out a framework for analyzing four levels of Festival visitor engagement: Level 1—Sensory Cultural Enlightenment/Being Present; Level 2—Choosing a Route/Moving Through; Level 3—Viewing and Taking part in the Live Performance/Active Experiencing; and Level 4—Revealing the Deeper Layers/Discovering More. The chapter concludes with observations about visitor studies relevant to museums as well as festivals.

scholarly journals Revisiting the roles and responsibilities of speech-language therapists in South African schools

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Wium ◽  
Brenda Louw
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Support Programmes ◽  
Level 2

The role of speech-language therapists (SLTs) in schools in South Africa needs to be revisited based on the changing educational needs in the country. Th is article builds on a paper by Kathard et al. (2011), which discussed the changing needs of the country with regard to the role of SLTs working in schools. South African policy changes indicated a shift from supporting the child to supporting the teacher, but also place more emphasis on the support of all learners in literacy in an eff ort to address past inequities. Th is paper addresses several of the questions that emerged from Kathard et al. and explores the collaborative roles played by SLTs on four levels in the education context. Collaboration at the learner level (level 1) focuses on prevention and support, whereas collaboration at the teacher level (level 2) is described in terms of training, mentoring, monitoring and consultation. Collaboration can also occur at the district level (level 3), where the focus is mainly on the development and implementation of support programmes for teachers in areas of literacy and numeracy. Collaboration at the level of national and provincial education (level 4) is key to all other roles, as it impacts on policy. Th is last level is the platform to advocate for the employment of SLTs in schools. Such new roles and responsibilities have important implications for the preparation of future SLTs. Suggestions for curricular review and professional development are discussed. It is proposed that SASLHA responds to the changes by developing a position statement on the roles and responsibilities of SLTs in schools.

scholarly journals Tell Them How They Did: Feedback on Operator Performance Helps Calibrate Perceived Ease of Use in Automated Driving

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Forster ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Josef Krems ◽  
Andreas Keinath
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Over Time

The development of automated driving will profit from an agreed-upon methodology to evaluate human–machine interfaces. The present study examines the role of feedback on interaction performance provided directly to participants when interacting with driving automation (i.e., perceived ease of use). In addition, the development of ratings itself over time and use case specificity were examined. In a driving simulator study, N = 55 participants completed several transitions between Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) level 0, level 2, and level 3 automated driving. One half of the participants received feedback on their interaction performance immediately after each use case, while the other half did not. As expected, the results revealed that participants judged the interactions to become easier over time. However, a use case specificity was present, as transitions to L0 did not show effects over time. The role of feedback also depended on the respective use case. We observed more conservative evaluations when feedback was provided than when it was not. The present study supports the application of perceived ease of use as a diagnostic measure in interaction with automated driving. Evaluations of interfaces can benefit from supporting feedback to obtain more conservative results.

scholarly journals Communications and Driver Monitoring Aids for Fostering SAE Level-4 Road Vehicles Automation

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Jiménez ◽  
José Naranjo ◽  
Sofía Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Serradilla ◽  
Elisa Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cooperative Systems ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Level 2

Road vehicles include more and more assistance systems that perform tasks to facilitate driving and make it safer and more efficient. However, the automated vehicles currently on the market do not exceed SAE level 2 and only in some cases reach level 3. Nevertheless, the qualitative and technological leap needed to reach level 4 is significant and numerous uncertainties remain. In this sense, a greater knowledge of the environment is needed for better decision making and the role of the driver changes substantially. This paper proposes the combination of cooperative systems with automated driving to offer a wider range of information to the vehicle than on-board sensors currently provide. This includes the actual deployment of a cooperative corridor on a highway. It also takes into account that in some circumstances or scenarios, pre-set or detected by on-board sensors or previous communications, the vehicle must hand back control to the driver, who may have been performing other tasks completely unrelated to supervising the driving. It is thus necessary to assess the driver’s condition as regards retaking control and to provide assistance for a safe transition.

scholarly journals Null and Void? Errors in Meta-analysis on Perceptual Disfluency and Recommendations to Improve Meta-analytical Reproducibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia C. Weissgerber ◽  
Matthias Brunmair ◽  
Ralf Rummer
Keyword(s):  
Recall Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Analytical Requirements ◽  
Level 2

AbstractIn the 2018 meta-analysis of Educational Psychology Review entitled “Null effects of perceptual disfluency on learning outcomes in a text-based educational context” by Xie, Zhou, and Liu, we identify some errors and inconsistencies in both the methodological approach and the reported results regarding coding and effect sizes. While from a technical point of view the meta-analysis aligns with current meta-analytical guidelines (e.g., PRISMA) and conforms to general meta-analytical requirements (e.g., considering publication bias), it exemplifies certain insufficient practices in the creation and review of meta-analysis. We criticize the lack of transparency and negligence of open-science practices in the generation and reporting of results, which complicate evaluation of the meta-analytical reproducibility, especially given the flexibility in subjective choices regarding the analytical approach and the flexibility in creating the database. Here we present a framework applicable to pre- and post-publication review on improving the Methods Reproducibility of meta-analysis. Based on considerations of the transparency and openness (TOP)-guidlines (Nosek et al. Science 348: 1422–1425, 2015), the Reproducibility Enhancement Principles (REP; Stodden et al. Science 354:1240–1241, 2016), and recommendations by Lakens et al. (BMC Psychology 4: Article 24, 2016), we outline Computational Reproducibility (Level 1), Computational Verification (Level 2), Analysis Reproducibility (Level 3), and Outcome Reproducibility (Level 4). Applying reproducibility checks to TRANSFER performance as the chosen outcome variable, we found Xie’s and colleagues’ results to be (rather) robust. Yet, regarding RECALL performance and the moderator analysis, the identified problems raise doubts about the credibility of the reported results.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KAPABILITAS APARAT PENGAWASAN INTERNAL PEMERINTAH (APIP) MENGGUNAKAN STANDART INTERNAL AUDIT CAPABILITY MODEL (IA-CM) (STUDI KASUS PADA INSPEKTORAT KOTA TEBING TINGGI) PERIODE 2017-2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Internal Auditing ◽  
Internal Auditor ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tingkat Kapabilitas Aparat Pengawasan Internal Pemerintah (APIP) pada inspektorat Kota Tebing Tinggi dengan menggunakan standart yang berlaku universal diseluruh dunia yaitu Internal Audit Capability Model (IA-CM) yang di bentuk oleh Auditor Sektor Publik Dunia yaitu The Institude of Internal Auditor, elemen-elemen internal audit yang mempengaruhi ketertinggalan Kapabilitas APIP dan strategi untuk meningkatkan Kapabilitas APIP Inspektorat Kota Tebing Tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian deskriptif. Dalam hal menganalisis data penelitian penulis melakukan teknik pengumpulan data Observasi, dokumentasi dan wawancara. Sedangkan teknik analisi data yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian berdasarkan penilaian Kapabilitas APIP menggunakan standart Internal Audit Capability Model (IA-CM) menunjukkan bahwa Inspektorat Kota Tebing Tinggi berada pada level 3 dengan catatan perbaikan (Integrated). Dari 6 elemen internal audit sesuai Standart IA-CM, 4 elemen yaitu elemen “Peran dan Layanan APIP (Service and Role of Internal Auditing)”, “Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Manusia (People Management)”, “Budaya dan Hubungan Organisasi (Organization Relationship and Culture)” dan elemen “Struktur Tata Kelola (Governance Structure)” sudah mencapai level 3 sedangkan 2 elemen lain nya yaitu elemen “Paktik Profesional (Profesional Practice)” dan elemen ” Akuntabilitas dan Manajemen Kinerja (Performance Management and Accountability)” masih mencapai level 2. Dari 6 elemen tersebut diketahui elemen yang mempengaruhi ketertinggalan Kapabilitas APIP pada Inspektorat Kota Tebing Tinggi adalah elemen yang masih berada pada level 2

The CIO Enabling IT Governance

2011 ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Petter Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive Officer ◽  
It Governance ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Chief Information Officer ◽  
Senior Executives ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Ceo Successions ◽  
Level 2

The chief executive officer (CEO) is the only executive at level 1 in the hierarchy of an organization (Carpenter & Wade, 2002). All other executives in the organization are at lower levels. At level 2, we find the most senior executives. Level 3 includes the next tier of executives. In our perspective of promoting the chief information officer (CIO) to be the next CEO, we first have to understand the role of the CEO. Therefore, the first chapter of this book is dedicated to the topic of CEO successions (Zhang & Rajagopalan, 2004).

scholarly journals Mark Harris as a Naturalistic Theist: The Perspective of the Model of Levels of Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 7-36
Author(s):  
Piotr Bylica
Keyword(s):  
Science And Religion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Epistemic Competence ◽  
Level 2

Presently, naturalistic theism is the dominant position in the debate on the relation between science and religion, defending a thesis that the conflict between science and religion is only an apparent one. Also, this version of theism accepts the naturalist assumptions behind contemporary science and attempts to reformulate the beliefs held within the traditional Christian theism in order to present the religious view of reality as not conflicting with the scientific picture of the world. Certain assumptions behind Mark Harris’s views on the relations between science and religion can be described as consistent with naturalistic theism. The model of levels of analysis helps to analyze the most important themes found within naturalistic theism and show how these are described in the works of Harris. The model facilitates the identification of the relations between particular kinds of assumptions behind the position taken from the point of view of naturalistic theism in the debate on the relation between science and religion. The list of most frequently recurring assumptions — that are also important in Harris’s writings — include: the general division of epistemic competence, which assumes theology (religion) to be competent in dealing with the metaphysical issues (Levels 1 and 2) and science to be the only one competent to deliver the empirical statements describing processes and entities found within the empirical sphere (Levels 4 and 5); the acceptance of the naturalistic assumptions behind contemporary science (Level 2) and skepticism toward the religious notions found in the traditional Christian theism describing supernatural interventions and toward the dualist interpretation of human soul (Level 3). This leads to the acceptance of purely scientific, naturalistic, explanations of the events found within the empirical sphere and to skepticism toward the literal meaning of descriptions of empirical events (Level 5) that are not consistent with the anti-interventionist assumptions behind science. Harris’s acceptance of naturalistic theism in terms of the relation between science and religion and his use of the techniques found in the modern biblical scholarship have led him to the ideas of plurality of meanings and the lack of one definite truth with respect to the specific issues he deals with. From the point of view of MLA it is the rejection of super-naturalistic assumptions of the traditional Christian theism and the acceptance of the naturalistic assumptions of science that seems to be the cause of lack of definite truth in his theological explanations.

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