Genetic and Environmental Covariations Among Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, Neuroticism, and Extraversion in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Adult Twins

AbstractA growing literature suggests that personality traits may be endophenotype markers for psychiatric illnesses. Although the phenotypic relationships between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and high neuroticism and low extraversion have been well documented, underlying genetic and environmental contributions to these associations have not been explored previously. Five hundred and twenty-four monozygoitc (MZ) and 228 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of adolescent and young adult twins (aged 13–24 years) drawn from the South Korean Twin Registry completed the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Neuroticism and Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Scale by mail. The total score of MOCI (MOCIT) was significantly and positively correlated with Neuroticism (r= .44), but only weakly and negatively related to Extraversion (r= –.10). A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the data. The additive genetic correlations in the best-fitting model were .51 between Neuroticism and MOCIT and –.17 between Extraversion and MOCIT, suggesting that additive genetic factors that lead to high neuroticism and low extraversion overlap with those genetic factors influencing high OC symptoms. These findings add to the cumulative evidence of the shared genetic etiology for the associations between a personality profile of high neuroticism and low extraversion and mental illnesses.

Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
South Korean

AbstractRecent molecular genetic studies provide suggestive evidence for sexual dimorphism in genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, only a few twin studies have addressed the question of sex differences in genetic and environmental contributions to variation of obsessive–compulsive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to estimate genetic and environmental influences on obsessive–compulsive symptoms in South Korean twins, with a special emphasis on sex difference. In total, 751 adolescent and young adult twin pairs (ages: 13–23 years) completed a Korean version of the 30 items of the Maudsley Obsessional — Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) through a mail survey. A sum of the answers for the 30 items was calculated to represent a total score for obsessive–compulsive symptoms (hereafter, the MOCIT). Males had significantly higher variance of the MOCIT than did females. In males, monozygotic (MZ) twin correlation was significantly higher than dizygotic (DZ) twin correlations (.56 vs. .24), whereas in females, MZ and DZ twin correlations were not significantly different from each other (.39 vs. .36). The general sex-limitation model was applied to the twin data. The results of model-fitting analyses indicated that the unstandardized genetic variance as well as heritability estimate (53% vs. 41%) for the MOCIT was higher in males than in females. However, shared environmental influences did not attain statistical significance perhaps due to insufficient statistical power.

scholarly journals Shared Genetic Etiology of Hwabyung (Anger Syndrome) and Somatization Symptoms in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hee-Jeong Jin ◽  
Siwoo Lee ◽  
Jong-Woo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Korean Adolescent ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractSomatization is known to be more prevalent in Asian than in Western populations. Using a South Korean adolescent and young adult twin sample (N = 1754; 367 monozygotic male, 173 dizygotic male, 681 monozygotic female, 274 dizygotic female and 259 opposite-sex dizygotic twins), the present study aimed to estimate heritability of somatization and to determine common genetic and environmental influences on somatization and hwabyung (HB: anger syndrome). Twins completed self-report questionnaires of the HB symptoms scale and the somatization scale via a telephone interview. The results of the general sex-limitation model showed that 43% (95% CI [36, 50]) of the total variance of somatization was attributable to additive genetic factors, with the remaining variance, 57% (95% CI [50, 64]), being due to individual-specific environmental influences, including measurement error. These estimates were not significantly different between the two sexes. The phenotypic correlation between HB and somatization was .53 (p < .001). The bivariate model-fitting analyses revealed that the genetic correlation between the two symptoms was .68 (95% CI [.59, .77]), while the individual-specific environmental correlation, including correlated measurement error, was .41 (95% CI [.34, .48]). Of the additive genetic factors of 43% that influence somatization, approximately half (20%) were associated with those related to HB, with the remainder being due to genes unique to somatization. A substantial part (48%) of individual environmental variance in somatization was unrelated to HB; only 9% of the environmental variance was shared with HB. Our findings suggest that HB and somatization have shared genetic etiology, but environmental factors that precipitate the development of HB and somatization may be largely independent from each other.

scholarly journals Heritability of Hwabyung Symptoms in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Eun-ji Choi ◽  
Jong-Woo Kim ◽  
Hee-Jeong Jin ◽  
Siwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Estimate Heritability ◽  
Adult Twins

The present study aimed to estimate heritability of Hwabyung (HB) symptoms in adolescent and young adult twins in South Korea. The sample included 1,601 twins consisting of 143 pairs of monozygotic male (MZM), 67 pairs of dizygotic male (DZM), 295 pairs of monozygotic female (MZF), 114 pairs of dizygotic female (DZF), and 117 pairs of opposite-sex dizygotic (OSDZ) twins and 129 twins with non-participating co-twins (mean age = 19.1 ± 3.1 years; range: 12–29 years). An HB symptom questionnaire was given to twins via a telephone interview. Consistent with the literature of HB, the mean level of HB was significantly higher in females than in males. Maximum likelihood twin correlations for HB were 0.31 (95% CI [0.16, 0.45]) for MZM, 0.19 (95% CI [-0.05, 0.41]) for DZM, 0.50 (95% CI [0.41, 0.58]) for MZF, 0.28 (95% CI [0.11, 0.44]) for DZF, and 0.23 (95% CI [0.05, 0.40]) for OSDZ twins. These patterns of twin correlations suggested the presence of additive genetic influences on HB. Model-fitting analysis showed that additive genetic and individual-specific environmental influences on HB were 44% (95% CI [37, 51]) and 56% (95% CI [49, 63]), respectively. Shared environmental influences were not significant. These parameter estimates were not significantly different between two sexes, and did not change significantly with age in the present sample, suggesting that genetic and environmental influences on HB in both sexes are stable across adolescence and young adulthood.

Nonadditive Genetic Effects on Hostility in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Korean Adolescent ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Hostility Scale

AbstractHostility has been shown to be a vulnerability marker for various health problems. The present study examined genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in hostility in South Korean adolescent and young adult twins. Seven hundred and nineteen same- and opposite-sex twin pairs aged from 13 to 23 years completed a hostility scale. The scalar sex-limitation model was applied to the data. The best fitting model indicated that 34% of the total variation of hostility was attributable to genetic factors operating in a nonadditive manner. The remaining 66% of the variance was associated with nonshared environmental influences and measurement error. These findings were largely consistent with results from previous twin studies of personality based on Caucasian twins, rendering support for the pervasive influence of genetic non-additivity on human personality traits and the generalization of the heritability of personality across human populations.

Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Depression Symptoms in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
East Asians ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Korean Adolescent ◽  
Adult Twins

AbstractIt has been reported that prevalence estimates, symptom presentation, and sociocultural risk and protective factors for depression differ between Caucasian and East Asian populations. But, nonetheless, as the vast majority of twin studies of depression symptoms have been carried out using Caucasians, genetic and environmental influences on depression symptoms in East Asians remain poorly understood. In the present study, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies — Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered to 490 pairs of South Korean adolescent and young adult twins (ages: 13–23 years) by telephone interview. In males, monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin correlations were similar (.44 vs. .41), suggesting the importance of shared environmental factors in depression symptoms. In females, however, MZ twin correlation was much greater than DZ twin correlation (.40 vs. .23), indicating the importance of genetic influences. The total phenotypic variance for the CES-D was greater in females than in males. Variance components model confirmed sex differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on depression symptoms: Additive genetic, shared environmental, and individual specific environmental effects in the full model were, res pectively, 12% (95% CI: 0–54%), 32% (95% CI: 0–53%), and 56% (95% CI: 44–70%) in males, and 41% (95% CI: 0–52%), 0% (95% CI: 0–36%), and 59% (95% CI: 48–72%) in females. Similar results were observed when ‘culturally biased’ items of the CES-D were separately analyzed. These variance components estimates for depression symptoms in East Asians overlap those observed in Caucasians.

scholarly journals Aetiological overlap between obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal twin study in adolescents and adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1439-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bolhuis ◽  
T. A. McAdams ◽  
B. Monzani ◽  
A. M. Gregory ◽  
D. Mataix-Cols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Lag Model ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study ◽  
Adult Twins

BackgroundDepression is commonly co-morbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is unknown whether depression is a functional consequence of OCD or whether these disorders share a common genetic aetiology. This longitudinal twin study compared these two hypotheses.MethodData were drawn from a longitudinal sample of adolescent twins and siblings (n = 2651; Genesis 12–19 study) and from a cross-sectional sample of adult twins (n = 4920). The longitudinal phenotypic associations between OCD symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms were examined using a cross-lag model. Multivariate twin analyses were performed to explore the genetic and environmental contributions to the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.ResultsIn the longitudinal phenotypic analyses, OCS at time 1 (wave 2 of the Genesis 12–19 study) predicted depressive symptoms at time 2 (wave 3 of the Genesis 12–19 study) to a similar extent to which depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted OCS at time 2. Cross-sectional twin analyses in both samples indicated that common genetic factors explained 52–65% of the phenotypic correlation between OCS and depressive symptoms. The proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to common non-shared environmental factors was considerably smaller (35%). In the adolescent sample, the longitudinal association between OCS at time 1 and subsequent depressive symptoms was accounted for by the genetic association between OCS and depressive symptoms at time 1. There was no significant environmental association between OCS and later depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe present findings show that OCS and depressive symptoms co-occur primarily due to shared genetic factors and suggest that genetic, rather than environmental, effects account for the longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Suicidal Ideation, Depression, and Conduct Disorder in a Sample of Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Linker ◽  
Nathan A. Gillespie ◽  
Hermine Maes ◽  
Lindon Eaves ◽  
Judy L. Silberg
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Adult Twins

scholarly journals Genome-wide association meta-analysis of childhood and adolescent internalising symptoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshim S Jami ◽  
Anke R Hammerschlag ◽  
Hill F Ip ◽  
Andrea G Allegrini ◽  
Beben Benyamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Childhood Aggression ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Genome Wide

Internalising symptoms in childhood and adolescence are as heritable as adult depression and anxiety, yet little is known of their molecular basis. This genome-wide association meta-analysis of internalising symptoms included repeated observations from 64,641 individuals, aged between 3 and 18. The N-weighted meta-analysis of overall internalising symptoms (INToverall) detected no genome-wide significant hits and showed low SNP heritability (1.66%, 95% confidence intervals 0.84-2.48%, Neffective=132,260). Stratified analyses showed rater-based heterogeneity in genetic effects, with self-reported internalising symptoms showing the highest heritability (5.63%, 95% confidence intervals 3.08-8.18%). Additive genetic effects on internalising symptoms appeared stable over age, with overlapping estimates of SNP heritability from early-childhood to adolescence. Gene-based analyses showed significant associations with three genes: WNT3 (p=1.13×10-06), CCL26 (p=1.88×10-06), and CENPO (p=2.54×10-06). Of these, WNT3 was previously associated with neuroticism, with which INToverall also shared a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.76). Genetic correlations were also observed with adult anxiety, depression, and the wellbeing spectrum (|rg|> 0.70), as well as with insomnia, loneliness, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and childhood aggression (range |rg|=0.42-0.60), whereas there were no robust associations with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or anorexia nervosa. Overall, childhood and adolescent internalising symptoms share substantial genetic vulnerabilities with adult internalising disorders and other childhood psychiatric traits, which could explain both the persistence of internalising symptoms over time, and the high comorbidity amongst childhood psychiatric traits. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity in childhood samples will be key in paving the way to future GWAS success.

Factors That Explain Adolescent and Young Adult Mobile Game Play, Part 1

2017 ◽  
pp. 320-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaventura DaCosta ◽  
Soonhwa Seok
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Game Play ◽  
Mobile Game ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Game Features ◽  
Video Game Player

The first of two chapters, a study is presented that quantitatively examined the adolescent and young adult “casual” video game player. A total of 1,950 South Korean students self-reported their game play on mobile phones by answering a 92-item questionnaire designed to capture data on technology ownership; preference for game genre and titles; where and how often games were played; what factors influence game selection, what game features were the most desirable, the rationale behind playing games, and psychophysical changes experienced as a result of playing; as well as, spending habits with regard to game purchases. The findings supported many of the claims made about the casual player, revealing, for example, that mobile games are predominately played for short periods of time, in between activities, and as a means to combat boredom. Adding credence to the idea that mobile game play can be viewed as a casual activity. Results also revealed potentially positive benefits, to include improved mood and feelings of well-being along with better mental attention and focus.

Which biopsychosocial view of mental illness?

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong ◽  
Jesse S. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Almost All

Biopsychosocial theories of mental illness claim that biological, psychological, and social factors are all central to every mental illness. This general approach cannot be assessed or employed properly without specifying the precise relation between mental illnesses and these three levels of understanding. This chapter distinguishes disjunctive, causal, explanatory, therapeutic (or treatment), and constitutive (or definitional) versions of biopsychosocial theories. However, all of these claims are uncontroversial and not distinctive of the biopsychosocial approach, except the constitutive claim. That constitutive claim is inaccurate, because almost all mental illnesses are and should be defined by their psychological symptoms instead of their biological or social causes. These lessons are applied to case studies of post-traumatic stress disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and scrupulosity.

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