Aetiological overlap between obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal twin study in adolescents and adults

BackgroundDepression is commonly co-morbid with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is unknown whether depression is a functional consequence of OCD or whether these disorders share a common genetic aetiology. This longitudinal twin study compared these two hypotheses.MethodData were drawn from a longitudinal sample of adolescent twins and siblings (n = 2651; Genesis 12–19 study) and from a cross-sectional sample of adult twins (n = 4920). The longitudinal phenotypic associations between OCD symptoms (OCS) and depressive symptoms were examined using a cross-lag model. Multivariate twin analyses were performed to explore the genetic and environmental contributions to the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.ResultsIn the longitudinal phenotypic analyses, OCS at time 1 (wave 2 of the Genesis 12–19 study) predicted depressive symptoms at time 2 (wave 3 of the Genesis 12–19 study) to a similar extent to which depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted OCS at time 2. Cross-sectional twin analyses in both samples indicated that common genetic factors explained 52–65% of the phenotypic correlation between OCS and depressive symptoms. The proportion of the phenotypic correlation due to common non-shared environmental factors was considerably smaller (35%). In the adolescent sample, the longitudinal association between OCS at time 1 and subsequent depressive symptoms was accounted for by the genetic association between OCS and depressive symptoms at time 1. There was no significant environmental association between OCS and later depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe present findings show that OCS and depressive symptoms co-occur primarily due to shared genetic factors and suggest that genetic, rather than environmental, effects account for the longitudinal relationship between OCS and depressive symptoms.

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Genetic and Environmental Covariations Among Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms, Neuroticism, and Extraversion in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.12.2.142 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 142-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yoon-Mi Hur

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Adolescent And Young Adult ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

South Korean ◽

Psychiatric Illnesses ◽

Adult Twins

AbstractA growing literature suggests that personality traits may be endophenotype markers for psychiatric illnesses. Although the phenotypic relationships between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and high neuroticism and low extraversion have been well documented, underlying genetic and environmental contributions to these associations have not been explored previously. Five hundred and twenty-four monozygoitc (MZ) and 228 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of adolescent and young adult twins (aged 13–24 years) drawn from the South Korean Twin Registry completed the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Neuroticism and Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Scale by mail. The total score of MOCI (MOCIT) was significantly and positively correlated with Neuroticism (r= .44), but only weakly and negatively related to Extraversion (r= –.10). A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the data. The additive genetic correlations in the best-fitting model were .51 between Neuroticism and MOCIT and –.17 between Extraversion and MOCIT, suggesting that additive genetic factors that lead to high neuroticism and low extraversion overlap with those genetic factors influencing high OC symptoms. These findings add to the cumulative evidence of the shared genetic etiology for the associations between a personality profile of high neuroticism and low extraversion and mental illnesses.

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Symmetry Dimension in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence, Severity and Clinical Correlates

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10020274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 274

Author(s):

Aline P. Vellozo ◽

Leonardo F. Fontenelle ◽

Ricardo C. Torresan ◽

Roseli G. Shavitt ◽

Ygor A. Ferrão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Clinical Correlates ◽

Axis I

Background: Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a very heterogeneous condition that frequently includes symptoms of the “symmetry dimension” (i.e., obsessions and/or compulsions of symmetry, ordering, repetition, and counting), along with aggressive, sexual/religious, contamination/cleaning, and hoarding dimensions. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity, and demographic and clinical correlates of the symmetry dimension among 1001 outpatients from the Brazilian Research Consortium on Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. The main assessment instruments used were the Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, the USP-Sensory Phenomena Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. Chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, Student’s t-tests, and Mann–Whitney tests were used in the bivariate analyses to compare patients with and without symptoms of the symmetry dimension. Odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals and Cohen’s D were also calculated as effect size measures. Finally, a logistic regression was performed to control for confounders. Results: The symmetry dimension was highly prevalent (86.8%) in this large clinical sample and, in the logistic regression, it remained associated with earlier onset of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, insidious onset of compulsions, more severe depressive symptoms, and presence of sensory phenomena. Conclusions: A deeper knowledge about specific OCD dimensions is essential for a better understanding and management of this complex and multifaceted disorder.

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Mindfulness-based and acceptance-based programmes in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050329 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e050329

Author(s):

Johannes Julian Bürkle ◽

Johannes Caspar Fendel ◽

Stefan Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

IntroductionCognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention is the recommended standard for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a high proportion of patients refuse this treatment, do not respond or relapse shortly after treatment. Growing evidence suggests that mindfulness-based and acceptance-based programmes (MABPs) are an effective option for the treatment of OCD. This systematic review and meta-analysis will examine the effectiveness of MABPs in treating OCD. We also aimed to explore potential moderators of the programmes’ effectiveness.Methods and analysisWe will systematically search MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PSYINDEX, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (no language restrictions) for studies that evaluate the effect of MABPs on patients with OCD. We will conduct backward and forward citation searches of included studies and relevant reviews and contact corresponding authors. The primary outcome will be pre-post intervention change in symptom severity. A secondary outcome will be change in depressive symptoms. Two reviewers will independently screen the records, extract the data and rate the methodological quality of the studies. We will include both controlled and uncontrolled trials. Randomised controlled trials will be meta-analysed, separately assessing between-group effects. A second meta-analysis will assess the within-group effect of all eligible studies. We will explore moderators and sources of heterogeneity such as the specific programme, study design, changes in depressive symptoms, hours of guided treatment, control condition and prior therapy (eg, CBT) using metaregression and subgroup analyses. We will perform sensitivity analyses using follow-up data. A narrative synthesis will also be pursued. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to assess the quality of the evidence.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.

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Childhood neuropsychological deficits associated with adult obsessive–compulsive disorder

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056812 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 195 (2) ◽

pp. 138-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jessica R. Grisham ◽

Tracy M. Anderson ◽

Richie Poulton ◽

Terrie E. Moffitt ◽

Gavin Andrews

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Verbal Ability ◽

Neuropsychological Deficits ◽

Control Group ◽

Developmental Study ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Visuomotor Skills

BackgroundExisting neuropsychological studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are cross-sectional and do not provide evidence of whether deficits are trait-related (antecedent and independent of symptomatology) or state-related (a consequence, dependent on symptomatology).AimsTo investigate whether there are premorbid neuropsychological deficits associated with adult OCD.MethodLongitudinal data were collected from participants of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental study. Neuropsychological data collected at age 13 were linked with age 32 diagnosis of OCD.ResultsThe group who had OCD at age 32 differed significantly from the control group with no OCD on their performance at age 13 on neuropsychological tests of visuospatial, visuoconstructive and visuomotor skills, controlling for gender and socioeconomic status, but did not differ on tests of general IQ or verbal ability. Performance of the group with OCD on tests of executive functioning was mixed.ConclusionsIndividuals with OCD have premorbid impairment in visuospatial abilities and some forms of executive functioning, consistent with biological models of OCD.

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Assessment of in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i1030915 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105-114

Author(s):

Sarah Alaa Mohsen ◽

Fatma Ahmed El Deeb ◽

Ehab Sayed Ramadan ◽

Mai Abd El-Raouf Eissa

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Test Performance ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Neuropsychological Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and potentially debilitating disorder. Neuropsychological assessment provides unique complementary information that is critical for evaluating higher cortical abilities. This study aimed to assess the neuropsychological functions in OCD patients which can then point to the brain structures or pathways and to study the correlation between these assessments and different clinical variables. Methods: This cross-sectional case control study had included sixty patients who were divided into two groups, Group I: thirty OCD patients diagnosed by DSM-IV and Group II: thirty healthy controls who were recruited from the community, matched with patients’ age, gender, and education. Results: The age of onset in our study was 19.13 ± 0.35 years, the mean duration was 7.44 ± 3.88 years, 40% of the studied cases had severe OCD symptoms and 33.3% of them were compulsive cleaners. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding WCST in favor of the control group. There was a high significant difference between the two groups regarding ROCF where the control group showed better results than the OCD patients. Conclusions: Neuropsychological test performance remains an informative and objective means of investigation, especially when applied to psychiatric disorders. The executive functions in OCD patients were impaired in comparison to the normal study subjects.

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Demography and symptom severity of obsessive compulsive disorder in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional observation

Bangladesh Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.3329/bjpsy.v30i2.45360 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 23-26

Author(s):

Sultana Algin ◽

Mohammad Waliul Hasnat Sajib ◽

SM Yasir Arafat

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Study Results ◽

Axis I

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common disorder and usually runs a chronic course with waxing and waning course. It leads to pervasive impairments in multiple domains of life. The aim of the study was to assess the demographic characteristics of the OCD patients and symptom severity of this disorder. This was a cross-sectional study done in OCD clinic of outpatient department (OPD) of BSMMU, during the period from May, 2015 to April, 2017. Four hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected consecutively. After taking written consent a predetermined questionnaire was filled for each patient through face-to-face interview. Then patients were evaluated covering the following areas: Axis I diagnoses (DSM-IV) and Y-BOCS severity scale. The results showed that, the mean age of the respondents was 26.6 (SD±9.9) years, ranging from 8 to 63 years. According to Y-BOCS symptoms severity used for adult patients found that majority (70%) of the patients had moderate to severe sufferings. Male had co-morbid anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia) more but female patients were found more depressive disorders. Female had more hypothyroidism, diabetes, skin disorders and hypertension than male. These demographic status, co-morbidity profile and symptoms severity can serve as the baseline data for a country like Bangladesh and further large scale, multi-centered study would better generalize the study results. Bang J Psychiatry December 2016; 30(2): 23-26

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Cyberchondria severity and quality of life among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, stress and obsessive–compulsive behavior—a structural equation model approach

BMC Psychology ◽

10.1186/s40359-021-00674-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Clara Rahme ◽

Marwan Akel ◽

Sahar Obeid ◽

Souheil Hallit

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Model ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Abstract Background This study highlights the significant association between cyberchondria and quality of life among the Lebanese population in the time of COVID-19. The aim was to assess the association between cyberchondria and quality of life (QOL) of Lebanese community during the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the mediating effect of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, stress and Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale in this association. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2020 and January 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 449 persons participated in this study by filling the online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to examine the structural relationship between cyberchondria severity, the mediator (anxiety, stress, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and fear of COVID-19) and physical/mental QOL. Results Having a university level of education and older age were significantly associated with higher physical QOL scores, whereas higher obsession-compulsion disorder, higher stress and higher anxiety were significantly associated with lower physical QOL scores. Higher anxiety was significantly associated with lower mental QOL scores. The results of the SEM showed that stress, fear of COVID-19 and to a lesser limit OCD, mediated the association between cyberchondria severity and physical QOL, whereas anxiety, stress and fear of COVID-19 mediated the association between cyberchondria severity and mental QOL. Conclusion This research reported interesting results encouraging more exploration of cyberchondria and its association with quality of life during this unique period of the pandemic. However, this virus has altered the lives of individuals all across the world, and the consequences will last for a long time. Along with all of the steps done to stop the development of COVID-19 and improve physical outcomes, mental health requires immediate care. More research is needed to determine the coping techniques people are employing to deal with the pandemic.

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Cigarette smoking in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852915000565 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 469-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bernardo Dell’Osso ◽

Humberto Nicolini ◽

Nuria Lanzagorta ◽

Beatrice Benatti ◽

Gregorio Spagnolin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Tourette’S Syndrome ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tic Disorder ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

International College ◽

Spectrum Disorders

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) showed a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking compared to other psychiatric disorders in previous and recent reports. We assessed the prevalence and clinical correlates of the phenomenon in an international sample of 504 OCD patients recruited through the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) network.Cigarette smoking showed a cross-sectional prevalence of 24.4% in the sample, with significant differences across countries. Females were more represented among smoking patients (16% vs 7%; p<.001). Patients with comorbid Tourette’s syndrome (p<.05) and tic disorder (p<.05) were also more represented among smoking subjects. Former smokers reported a higher number of suicide attempts (p<.05).We found a lower cross-sectional prevalence of smoking among OCD patients compared to findings from previous studies in patients with other psychiatric disorders but higher compared to previous and more recent OCD studies. Geographic differences were found and smoking was more common in females and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome/tic disorder.

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Quality of Life in OCD: Differential Impact of Obsessions, Compulsions, and Depression Comorbidity

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674370304800202 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 72-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Mario Masellis ◽

Neil A Rector ◽

Margaret A Richter

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression Severity ◽

Differential Impact ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Cross Sectional Design

Objective: An anxiety disorder severely affects the sufferer's quality of life (QOL), and this may be particularly true of those with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examines the differential impact of obsessions, compulsions, and depression comorbidity on the QOL of individuals with OCD. Method: Forty-three individuals diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-IV criteria and experiencing clinically significant obsessions and compulsions completed measures of QOL, obsessive–compulsive symptom severity, and depression severity. Results: Obsession severity was found to significantly predict patient QOL, whereas the severity of compulsive rituals did not impact on QOL ratings. Comorbid depression severity was the single greatest predictor of poor QOL, accounting for 54% of the variance. Conclusions: Given the importance of these symptoms, treatments that directly target obsessions and secondary depression symptoms in OCD are warranted. However, replication of these findings in a prospective cohort study is required, because although the the current study's cross-sectional design allows for the examination of the associations among obsessions, depression, and QOL, it cannot establish their temporal framework (that is, causal relations).

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Cross-sectional study of internalised stigma and medication adherence in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

General Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/gpsych-2019-100180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. e100180

Author(s):

Eram Ansari ◽

Sudha Mishra ◽

Adarsh Tripathi ◽

Sujita Kumar Kar ◽

Pronob Kumar Dalal

Keyword(s):

Medication Adherence ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Adherence To Treatment ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Current Medication

BackgroundPatients suffering from psychiatric disorders tend to stigmatise themselves which had been linked to poor adherence to treatment.AimsThe aim of the present study was to study internalised stigma and medication adherence and to assess the relationship between them in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 112 patients diagnosed with OCD who were attending the Out-patient's department at Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India. Internalised stigma and current medication adherence were assessed with Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI) and Medication Adherence Rating Scale, respectively. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used to assess the current severity of OCD symptoms. Sociodemographic and clinical details were also obtained from the patients by using a semistructured sociodemographic proforma.ResultsMost of the patients reported moderate level of internalised stigma with a mean ISMI score of 77.98 (10.82). Most of the patients were compliant while 41.96% reported poor medication adherence. Internalised stigma was negatively correlated with the current medication adherence. Current severity of OCD symptoms also showed a significant positive correlation with internalised stigma and a significant negative correlation with medication adherence.ConclusionHigh levels of internalised stigma were associated with lower adherence to treatment which suggests that internalised stigma may be a very important factor influencing medication adherence in patients with OCD.

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