Genetic and Environmental Influences on Expression of Recurrent Headache as a Function of the Reporting Age in Twins

Twin Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan A. Svensson ◽  
Bo Larsson ◽  
Elisabet Waldenlind ◽  
Nancy L. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Recurrent Headache ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

AbstractTo explore age-related mechanisms in the expression of recurrent headache, we evaluated whether genetic and environmental influences are a function of the reporting age using questionnaire information that was gathered in 1973 for 15- to 47-year-old Swedish twins (n =12,606 twin pairs). Liability to mixed headache (mild migraine and tension-type headache) was explained by non-additive genetic influences (49%) in men aged from 15 to 30 years and additive genetic plus shared environmental influences (28%) in men aged from 31 to 47 years. In women, the explained proportion of variance, which was mainly due to additive genetic effects, ranged from 61% in adolescent twins to 12% in twins aged from 41 to 47 years, whereas individual specific environmental variance was significantly lower in twins aged from 15 to 20 years than in twins aged from 21 to 30 years. Liability to migrainous headache (more severe migraine) was explained by non-addi-tive genetic influences in men, 32% in young men and 45% in old men, while total phenotypic variance was significantly lower in young men than in old men. In women, the explained proportion of variance ranged from 91% in the youngest age group to 37% in the oldest age group, with major contributions from non-additive effects in young and old women (15–20 years and 41–47 years, respectively) and additive genetic effects in intermediate age groups (21–40 years). While total variance showed a positive age trend, genetic variance tended to be stable across age groups, whereas individual specific environmental variance was significantly lower in adolescent women as compared to older women.

scholarly journals Religious Attendance Moderates the Environmental Effect on Prosocial Behavior in Nigerian Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Hoe-Uk Jeong ◽  
Frances Ajose ◽  
Ariel Knafo-Noam
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Frequent Attenders

AbstractThere is a growing body of literature linking religious attendance to prosocial behavior (PB). The main purposes of the present study were to estimate genetic and environmental influences on the frequency of religious attendance (FRA) and to explore whether and how FRA moderates genetic and/or environmental influences on PB. As part of the Nigerian Twin and Sibling Study, 2860 (280 monozygotic male, 417 monozygotic female, 544 dizygotic male, 699 dizygotic female, and 920 opposite-sex dizygotic) twins (mean age = 14.2 years; SD = 1.7 years; age range = 12–18 years) completed a questionnaire regarding FRA and a PB scale. Similar to the findings from western twin samples, FRA showed substantial shared environmental influences of 74% (95% CI = 69%, 78%), with absence of genetic effects. The phenotypic correlation between FRA and PB was modest but positive and significant (r = .12; p < .01), suggesting that PB is higher among more frequent attenders than among less frequent attenders. The results of gene–environment (G × E) interaction model-fitting analysis revealed that FRA changed individual environmental experiences rather than genetic effects on PB such that while genetic variance was stable, non-shared environmental variance declined, leading the total phenotypic variance of PB to decrease with increasing levels of religious attendance.

565. A study of variation in twin cattle: III. Growth

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. B. King ◽  
H. P. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Simple Assumption ◽  
Polynomial Coefficients ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

1. Polynomial coefficients have been fitted to data on growth in live weight to 19 months and on height at withers to 27 months of age shown by one-egg (MZ) and two-egg (DZ) twins and pairs of half-sisters (HZ). The coefficients obtained (a0, a2 and a3) have been subjected to analysis of variance.2. For growth in live weight, the ratio of intrapair variances for MZ, DZ and HZ pairs was 1:6·8:10 for a1, which gives the straight line best fitting the observed curve. Unrelated pairs, it is calculated, would have had an intrapair variance 20·9 times as great as MZ pairs. From the point of view of minimizing the intrapair variance, the advantage of the MZ pairs was usually a little less for a0, and considerably less for a2 and a3.3. For height at withers, the results were similar to those for weight.4. The contribution of environmental variance to total intrapair variance increased from a0 to a3, while that due to additive genetic effects diminished. Owing to the wide fiducial limits applicable, the results can be accommodated assuming only additive genetic effects in addition to environmental effects as estimated from one-egg twins. The extent to which HZ pairs exceeded the variance expected, however, suggests that this simple assumption may prove inadequate.

Sleep and Dream Characteristics in Twins

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gedda ◽  
G. Brenci
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Common ◽  
Two Age Groups

A study of sleep and dream characteristics has been carried out by questionnaire on a sample of 77 MZ and 76 DZ same-sex twin pairs of two age groups, 6–8 and 16–18 years. Genetic effects could not be detected in the younger age group and appeared to be rather limited in the older one, possibly as a result of the limited variability of the considered variables and of the levelling influence of the common environment.

Voluntary muscle activation varies with age and muscle group

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Jakobi ◽  
Charles L. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Elbow Flexor ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Voluntary Muscle ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Old Men

The consistency and the number of attempts required to achieve maximal voluntary muscle activation have not been documented and compared between young and old adults. Furthermore, few studies have contrasted activation between functional pairs of muscle groups, and no study has tested upper limb muscles. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare voluntary muscle activation of the elbow flexors and extensors in young and old men over two separate test sessions. With the method of twitch interpolation to measure activation, six young (24 ± 1 yr) and six old (83 ± 4 yr) men performed five maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) during each session for each muscle group. Elbow flexion and extension MVC was less (43 and 47%, respectively) in the old men, yet the best maximal voluntary muscle activation was similar between age groups. However, when all 10 attempts at MVC were compared, the mean activation scores were slightly less (∼5%) in the elbow extensors but were ∼11% less ( P < 0.001) in the elbow flexors of old men, compared with young men. During the second session, there was a significant improvement of 13% ( P< 0.005) in mean elbow flexor activation in the old men. There were no session differences for either muscle group for the young men. The results indicate that, for aged men, elbow flexor maximal activation is achieved less frequently compared with elbow extensors, and thus mean activation for elbow flexors is less than for elbow extensors. However, if sufficient attempts are provided, the best effort for the old men is not different from that of the young men for either muscle group.

scholarly journals The Heritability of Cognitive Aging: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Twin Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1026-1026
Author(s):  
Alice Kim ◽  
Alyssa Kam ◽  
Maxwell Kofman ◽  
Christopher Beam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Adult Twins

Abstract Heritability of cognitive ability changes across late adulthood, although whether genetic variance increases or decreases in importance is not understood well. We performed a systematic review of the heritability of cognitive ability derived from longitudinal twin studies of middle-aged and older adult twins. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, articles were identified in APA PsycINFO and Clarivate Web of Science electronic databases. Identified articles were screened by title and abstract; remaining full-text articles were then fully evaluated. Reference sections served as an additional method for identification of relevant articles. In total, 3,106 articles were identified and screened, 28 of which were included and were based on data from 10 longitudinal twin studies published from 1994-2021. There are large genetic influences on an initial level of cognitive performance across domains whereas there are small to moderate genetic influences on change in performance with age. Evidence was less definitive about whether the same or different genetic factors contribute to both level and change. Non-shared environmental influences appeared to drive individual changes in cognitive performance. Heritability tended to either be stable or decline after 65 years, possibly because of the increasing importance of non-shared environmental influences on cognitive ability. Recent studies report increases in heritability across specific subtests and domains. Shared environmental variance accounted for little variance in cognitive ability. Emerging research questions and future directions for understanding genetic and environment influences in the context of gene-environment interplay are highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals Pacing in World-Class Age Group Swimmers in 200 and 400 m Individual Medley

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathia Moser ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Rafael Reis Olher ◽  
Lee Hill ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
World Class ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Old Men

The present research investigated pacing for world-class age group swimmers competing in individual medley in 200 m and 400 m. Data on 3,242 unique finishers (1,475 women and 1,767 men) competing in four Master World Championships [XV FINA WMC held in Montreal (Canada) in 2014, the XVI FINA WMC held in Kazan (RUS) in 2015, the FINA WMC held in Budapest (HUN) in 2017, and the XVIII FINA WMC held in Gwangju (KOR] in 2019) were analyzed. Men were faster than women among all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Additionally, differences were found between almost all adjacent age groups, with the exception (p &gt; 0.05) of age groups 25–29 to 30–34, 35–39 to 40–44 years in 200 m races and 25–29 to 30–34, 30–34 to 35–39, 35–39 to 40–44, and 45–49 to 50–54 years in 400 m races. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m among all male age groups and all female age groups up to 69 years. Pace-variation pairwise comparisons between men and women showed no consistencies throughout age groups, with the exception of a higher variation in men in age groups ≥55-year-old. Men were faster for all splits and strokes in both 200 and 400 m, and significant changes were identified for each split and stroke for both men and women in both 200 and 400 m. Front crawl (freestyle, 4th split) was the fastest butterfly (1st split), backstroke (2nd split), and breaststroke (3rd split). In summary, men were faster than women for all age groups in both 200 and 400 m. Men showed a higher pacing variation in 200 m in all age groups, where women had a higher variation in age groups up to 69 years. The fastest stroke for the final spurt was front crawl, followed by butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Based on these findings, coaches should advise their master athletes to focus on the final spurt in both 200 and 400 m individual medley for a fast final race time.

scholarly journals Genetic Influences on Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia across Different Task Conditions

1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.I. Boomsma ◽  
G.C.M. van Baal ◽  
J.F. Orlebeke
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Adolescent Twins ◽  
And Task

AbstractRespiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been shown to be a sensitive index of vagal cardiac control. We studied the genetic and nongenetic influences on individual differences in RSA in a sample of 160 adolescent twins. RSA was measured during rest and across two different tasks. Results show that heritability is task dependent. The amount of genetic variance is the same, however, during rest and task conditions. Because nonshared environmental variance decreases during tasks, heritability is larger for RSA measured under more stressful conditions than for RSA as measured during rest. Multivariate models assessed the continuity of the genetic and environmental influences and show genetic influences to be the same across different conditions, while environmental influences are different. More specifically, a one-factor model is found for genetic influences and a second-order autoregressive model for the environmental factors.

scholarly journals Yngre og ældre ældres risiko for selvmord efter deres partners død

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Erlangsen ◽  
Bernard Jeune
Keyword(s):  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Old Men

Annette Erlangsen og Bernard Jeune: Risk of suicide among the old and oldest old after death of partner The purpose of this article is to examine the relation between civil status and the death of a partner and suicide among the oldest old (80 years and older) compared with younger age groups. The article also analyses whether the death of a partner exerts a temporal influence on the risk of suicide. The study includes information about the entire Danish population aged 50 years and over in the period 1994-1998. Suicide rates were analysed by civil status and age group, and the risk of suicide after the death of a partner was assessed by using “event-history analysis“. The highest rate of suicide was found among the oldest old for both men and women. However, the highest increase in risk after the death of a partner is found among people aged 65-79. The oldest old men who are either never married, divorced, or widowed have higher suicide rates than married men, while there is little difference between married and widowed women in this age group. Compared to married people, the relative risk of suicide increases significantly during the first year after the death of a partner. In the following years the risk levels off. The first months after the death of a partner are associated with an elevated risk for suicide. Measured relative to married persons, the suicide risk of recently bereaved men increases more than for women.

scholarly journals Short-term aromatase inhibition: effects on glucose metabolism and serum leptin levels in young and elderly men

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lapauw ◽  
G T'Sjoen ◽  
A Mahmoud ◽  
J M Kaufman ◽  
J B Ruige
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Aromatase Inhibition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Short Period

ObjectiveTo assess and compare the effects of short-term aromatase inhibition on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and adipocytokine levels in young and elderly men.Design and methodsTen elderly and nine young healthy men were randomized to receive letrozole 2.5 mg daily or placebo for 28 days in a crossover design.ResultsBoth in young and elderly men, active treatment significantly increased serum testosterone (+128 and +99%, respectively) and decreased estradiol levels (−41 and −62%, respectively). Fasting glucose and insulin levels decreased in young men after active intervention (−7 and −37%, respectively) compared with placebo. Leptin levels fell markedly in both age groups (−24 and −25%, respectively), while adiponectin levels were not affected by the intervention. Lipid profile was slightly impaired in both groups, with increasing low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (+14%) in the younger age group and 10% lower levels of APOA1 in the elderly. A decline in IGF1 levels (−15%) was observed in the younger age group. No changes in weight or body mass index were observed in either young or old men.ConclusionsShort-term aromatase inhibition appears to affect glucose metabolism in young men, and lipid metabolism, including leptin secretion, in young and elderly men. Furthermore, the short period of exposure suggests that these changes might be mediated by direct effects of sex steroids rather than by changes in body composition.

scholarly journals Overweight in an urban Siberian population: 12-year trends

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Akimova ◽  
E. I. Gakova ◽  
R. Kh. Kayumov ◽  
E. Yu. Zagorodnykh ◽  
O. V. Smaznova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Siberian Population ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
City District ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Manual Occupation

Aim. To assess the levels of body mass index (BMI) in an urban Siberian population of 25-64-year-old men; to investigate the prevalence of overweight (OW) and its dynamics over the 12-year period of the population monitoring. Material and methods. The study included two randomised, electoral list-based samples of 25-64-year-old male residents of one Tumen City district. Each sample included 1000 individuals (250 in each 10-year age group – 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 years). The response rates for the first and second cardiologic screenings (1996 and 2008) were 79,5% and 85,2%, respectively. Results. In the male Tumen population, OW was more prevalent in middle-aged people. Obesity (O) was more prevalent in men with primary education or non-strenuous manual occupation. No considerable social gradient in OW was observed. Conclusion. Over 12 years, the male Tumen population, aged 25-64 years, has demonstrated an increase in O and OW prevalence, mostly due to increasing BMI levels in younger age groups. The 12-year trends have shown that the increase in O prevalence takes place one decade earlier.

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