Shoghi Effendi and the Early Development of Bahá’í Administration in North America, 1922–1927

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Peter Smith
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Administrative System

One of the major innovations of Shoghi Effendi’s Guardianship was the development of a worldwide Bahá’í administrative system based on locally and nationally elected spiritual assemblies. This paper identifies the key elements of this system as laid out by Shoghi Effendi in 1922–23 (almost immediately after his accession as Guardian), and elaborated in some details over the next few years in letters he wrote to the American and Canadian Bahá’ís.

scholarly journals The Early Development of the Vaccinia–Rabies Recombinant Vaccine Raboral®

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lathe ◽  
Marie Paule Kieny
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Recombinant Vaccine ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Recombinant Vaccinia ◽  
Engineering Company

The recombinant vaccinia–rabies vaccine, now known as Raboral®, has been widely used in Europe and North America to control/eliminate rabies in the principal wildlife vectors, and thus prevent human transmission. The origins of this vaccine are sometimes forgotten, although the formulation has not changed substantially in almost four decades. This groundbreaking vaccine was assembled by a team at a very young (at that time) genetic engineering company, Transgène, in Strasbourg, France. The joint leaders of the rabies vaccine team reflect, 36 years later, on the trials and tribulations that went hand in hand with the construction of the vaccine.

Educator Insights: Early Development of Collegiate Education in International Marketing

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Cunningham ◽  
D.G. Brian Jones
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Development ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
University Courses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Programs Of Study

This article sheds light on some of the early roots of international marketing thought; it describes some of the earliest university courses offered in international marketing in North America. It presents evidence that international marketing was the subject of academic endeavor early in the twentieth century. It compares and contrasts topics covered in the earliest courses with those used in modern programs of study.

scholarly journals IV. On the early development of Lepidosteus osseus . — Preliminary notice

1890 ◽  
Vol 46 (280-285) ◽  
pp. 108-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Russian River ◽  
Hunting Ground

In the spring of 1888 I journeyed to North America for the purpose of collecting material for a study of Ganoid development. I sought and found even more material than I wanted in the now well-known habitat of Lepidosteus , Black Lake, N. Y. No better hunting-ground could be wished for by the morphologist in search of Ganoid material. The lake contains Amia , multitudes of Lepidosteus , and (it is said) sturgeons. One need not be at much trouble in seeking sturgeons, for the River St. Lawrence, which flows within 12 miles of Black Lake, will vie with any Russian river.

Early Encounters in Bimusicality

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-46
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Clendinning
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Early Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Music ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Music Ensemble ◽  
World’S Fairs

The chapter presents an overview of the introduction of gamelan to North America and examines how the ensembles assumed a key role within the philosophy and practice of American collegiate world music education. Musical and cultural exhibitions at world’s fairs, the dispersion of early recordings of gamelan music, transnational performance tours, and the work of Western composers and pedagogues led to the importation of instruments and founding of early academic gamelans. The world music ensemble programs modeled after those founded at UCLA by Mantle Hood embodied a new and important paradigm in ethnomusicology termed bimusicality, as well as sparking the collegiate world music ensemble movement. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the current gamelan scene in the United States that reconnects the early development of academic gamelan ensembles to contemporary artistic and educational practices.

scholarly journals Four Early Contributors to Neurosurgery in North America

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian T. Hoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surgical Subspecialty ◽  
Formative Years

The lives of four physicians of the past are described, focusing on their unique contributions to the early development of neurosurgery in the United States and Canada. Each influenced the others during these formative years, and each played a major role in the evolution of a new surgical subspecialty.

The early development of archaeological geology in North America

2015 ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Gifford ◽  
George Rapp
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Early Development

Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

Early Development of Drug-Induced Hepatic Necrosis

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
E. Detzi ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hepatocellular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Microscopic Studies

This study represents the first in a series of investigations carried out to elucidate the mechanism(s) of early hepatocellular damage induced by drugs and other related compounds. During screening tests of CNS-active compounds in rats, it has been found that daily oral administration of one of these compounds at a dose level of 40 mg. per kg. of body weight induced diffuse massive hepatic necrosis within 7 weeks in Charles River Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. Partial hepatectomy enhanced the development of this peculiar type of necrosis (3 weeks instead of 7) while treatment with phenobarbital prior to the administration of the drug delayed the appearance of necrosis but did not reduce its severity.Electron microscopic studies revealed that early development of this liver injury (2 days after the administration of the drug) appeared in the form of small dark osmiophilic vesicles located around the bile canaliculi of all hepatocytes (Fig. 1). These structures differed from the regular microbodies or the pericanalicular multivesicular bodies. They first appeared regularly rounded with electron dense matrix bound with a single membrane. After one week on the drug, these vesicles appeared vacuolated and resembled autophagosomes which soon developed whorls of concentric lamellae or cisterns characteristic of lysosomes (Fig. 2). These lysosomes were found, later on, scattered all over the hepatocytes.

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