scholarly journals Woman and Liberal Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Pilar Calvo Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Penal Code ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
The Right

The study of the first liberal Penal Codes (Spanish from 1822/1848/1850 and Portuguese from 1852) shows that the Spanish and the Portuguese woman share the same legal frame, but for a few differences. This frame preserves the feminine pattern of behaviour established by the Old Regime Courts, subject to man’s authority and to marriage as a guarantee of social and family order, but with a change: man’s honor resting upon the woman is honesty, not any longer privileged (married and honest) but imposed (home angel) and punished (dishonest woman). Between applying mercy or an exemplary treatment to a woman, liberal law chooses the last. Woman is not the plural category of the Old Regime any more, but the dual category angel/dishonest, which brings about her fragilitas. This leads to equality among women and approach to men in most offenses, but for the glaring inequality with regard to honor. An exception: the Portuguese wife, protected against procuring, has the right to take vengeance on his husband for her honor, whereas the Spanish wife does not have that right. Keywords: Spanish Penal Code 1822/1848/1850. Portuguese Penal Code 1852. Woman. Fragilitas. Honesty.

scholarly journals Kazne u Francuskom krivicnom zakoniku od 1810. godine

Forum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-107
Author(s):  
Milica Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Original System ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Further Development ◽  
European Criminal Law ◽  
Partial Division

The author in the paper analyzes the penal system of the French Penal Code of 1810 (Code pénal de 1810), bearing in mind the influence this Code and its penal system had on the further development of French and European substantial criminal law. The fact that the Napoleonic Penal Code of 1810, with its later modifications and additions, remained in force for 184 years, speaks in favor of this. In this paper the penal system of the Code of 1810 is exhibited according to the original system of the Code. The tri‐partial division of both criminal acts and penalties was a novelty in the European criminal law. Given the fact that this was a Code promulgated 21 years after the Bourgeois revolution, the author compares the penal system of this Code to the penal system of the first revolutionary Penal code of 1791, but also with penalties that were used in the “Old regime” (Ancien régime). Based on the data published in bills and literature, the author gives a detailed analysis of all penalties contained in the Penal Code of 1810. Thereby, the key criminological problems caused by the practical application of these penalties is pointed out.

scholarly journals Maïssa Bey : romancière de l’agentivité de femmes Entre réécriture de l’Histoire et invention de soi

Il Tolomeo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila Lamrous
Keyword(s):  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The Right

The study of Maïssa Bey’s novel Surtout ne te retourne pas allows to examine how the Francophone novel represents an earthquake as a poetic, metaphorical and political shockwave. The novel is part of a literary tradition but also shows the singularity of the writing and the engagement of the Algerian novelist Maïssa Bey. It allows to examine the feminine agentivity in the context of the disaster camps in Algeria: from the ravaged space/country emerge the voices of women who enter into resistance to improvise, invent their lives and their identities. The earthquake allows them to free themselves, to take a subversive point of view at society and their status as women in an oppressive patriarchal society. The staged female characters arrogate to themselves the right to reread history and take their destiny back.

Walks of the convicted: russian practice and international legal approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Андрей Анатольевич Павленко
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
The Right

Право на прогулки - это специфическое право определенной части осужденных к лишению свободы, не имеющих свободного доступа к открытому воздуху. Анализ структуры этого права позволяет выделить в нем два компонента (основных функции) - обеспечивающий (гарантирующий) и стимулирующий. Обеспечивающий компонент является реализацией принципа гуманизма и обеспечения минимума надлежащего («достойного») обращения с осужденными - гарантий соответствующих условий содержания в ИУ. Второй компонент проявляется как стимул к правопослушному поведению осужденных, которое влечет за собой возможность увеличения времени прогулки в качестве либо меры, либо положительной оценки его поведения без применения меры. Содержание совокупности правовых норм, регулирующих прогулки осужденных, имеет ряд специфических черт: цель предоставления прогулок и их функциональное назначение, субъекты получения и условия возникновения этого права, периодичность, место и время проведения прогулок и, наконец, детально регламентированная процедура их проведения. В международных стандартах обращения с осужденными пребывание на свежем воздухе (прогулки) отдельно не рассматривается, а включено в разделы, связанные с физическими упражнениями. Более того, предоставление осужденным возможности заниматься физическими упражнениями является основной целью их нахождения на открытом воздухе. Реализуя рекомендации международных стандартов, предлагаем рассмотреть вопрос о законодательном закреплении в ст. 93 УИК РФ возможности физических упражнений на открытом воздухе во время прогулок осужденных, а в подзаконных нормативных правовых актах определить минимальный перечень оборудования прогулочного двора для таких занятий. Кроме того, необходимо нормативно определить продолжительность прогулок осужденным, переведенным в СИЗО в порядке ст. 77 УИК РФ, а также оставленным в следственных изоляторах на срок не свыше шести месяцев для отбывания наказания. The right to outdoor activities is a specific right of a certain part of the convicted prisoners, denied free access to outdoors. By analyzing the structure of this right, two components (main functions) can be distinguished - ensuring (guaranteeing) and stimulating. Ensuring component seeks to reflect the humanitarian principles and to provide a required («decent») treatment of prisoners - guarantees of appropriate detention conditions in correctional institutions. The second component manifests itself as an incentive to law-abiding behavior on the part of prisoners, which leads to the possibility of extending the time for outdoor activities. Content of the body of law which regulates outdoor activities has several specific characteristics: the purpose of providing outdoor activities and their functionality, subjects for receiving and preconditions to these rights, frequency, venue, and timing of the outdoor activities and, finally, detailed regulations governing their carriage. International standards for the treatment of convicted persons do not specifically address outdoor activities (walks) as it is included in physical exercises sections. Moreover, principal differences in international legal approaches, compared with domestic ones, presents itself as an opportunity for outdoor exercise as the main incentive for outdoor activity. Following international standards, we propose to consider the institutionalization of the right to exercise outdoors in Art. 93 of the Penal Code of the Russia and define a minimum list of yard equipment needed for such activities in statutory regulations. In addition, it is necessary to define the duration of trips for convicts who have been transferred to the jail in accordance with Art. 77 Penal сode of the Russia, as well as those left in remand prisons for a term not exceeding six months to serve the sentence.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Katie Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Modern Democracy ◽  
Social Body ◽  
Socioeconomic Issues ◽  
Market Women ◽  
The Right

This chapter introduces the over 1,000 Parisian market women known as the Dames des Halles and outlines how Politics in the Marketplace changes understandings of work, gender, and citizenship in the French Revolution. First, this book insists that marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through their daily commerce. As the revolutionaries overhauled Old Regime privileges in les Halles, they confronted the tensions between socially egalitarian projects and free market aspirations in everyday trade. Second, this book expands recent non-Marxist inquiries to reconsider the socioeconomic issues at the heart of the Revolution. It proposes the concept of economic citizenship to consider how an individual’s economic activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes position him/her within the collective social body and enable him/her to make claims on the state. Third, Politics in the Marketplace intervenes in the dominant narrative of gender and modern democracy. Instead of defining citizenship by electoral rights, this book explores how the Dames and fellow revolutionaries invented multiple notions of citizenship in its embryonic stages, some of which did not immediately divide citizenship by gender. Fourth, this book argues that, in their words and actions, the Dames conceptualized their citizenship through useful work. According to the market women, their occupational, civic, and gendered work served society and earned them the right to make claims on the state in return. The Dames’ notion of citizenship thus included gendered components but did not take gender as its cornerstone. Finally, the introduction describes the sources used to tap into the Dames’ world.

scholarly journals ON THE JESUIT-MARONITE PROVENANCE OF LEBANON'S CRIMINALIZATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-406
Author(s):  
Ivan Strenski
Keyword(s):  
Moral Theology ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Moral Thinking ◽  
Jesuit Missions ◽  
French Mandate ◽  
Penal Codes

AbstractArticle 534 of the Lebanese Penal Code, effectively, criminalizes homosexual practices. Most commentators have claimed that its existence in modern Lebanon is a “colonial relic,” specifically of the French Mandate, 1920–1946. But since 1791, French penal codes have not criminalized same-sex relations. I argue, instead, that Article 534 was the product of native religious, legal, and moral thinking among the Maronites, reinforced by the Thomistic and post-Tridentine moral theology taught in Lebanon by the Jesuit missions. Thomistic and post-Tridentine moral theology classified same-sex relations as worthy of condemnation as “unnatural acts”—the same language used in Article 534. Therefore, as a product of Lebanese political and religious sectarianism, Article 534 is a specific case of a congenial collaboration of Jesuit moral theology and a conservative Maronite ethical and legal koine.

Mensrea

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Model Penal Code ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Criminal Conviction ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

Accusing, condemning, and avenging are part of our daily life. However, a review of many years of literature attempting to analyze our blaming practices suggests that we do not understand very well what we are doing when we judge people culpable for a wrong they have committed. Of course, everyone agrees that, for example, someone deserves censure and punishment when she is guilty of a wrong, and the law has traditionally looked for a mens rea, or “guilty mind,” in order to convict someone of a criminal wrongdoing. But philosophers and legal theorists have found it interestingly difficult to say what mens rea is. For example, noting the way in which we intuitively think people aren't culpable for a crime if they disobey the law by mistake, or under duress, or while insane, theorists such as H.L.A. Hart have tried to define mens rea negatively, as that which an agent has if he is not in what we consider to be an excusing state. But such an approach only circumscribes and does not unravel the central mystery; it also fails to explain why the law recognizes any excusing states as mitigating or absolving one of guilt, much less why all and only the excusing states that are recognized by the law are the right ones. Moreover, the Model Penal Code, which gives a very detailed account of the kinds of mental states which justify criminal conviction, does not tell us (nor was it designed to tell us) why these states of mind (e.g., knowledge, purposiveness, intention, assumption of risk of harm, negligence) are relevant to an assessment of legal guilt.

Part 6 The Trial: Le Procès, Art.67 Rights of the accused/Droits de l’accusé

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schabas William A
Keyword(s):  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
Constitution Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Texts ◽  
And Control

This chapter comments on Article 67 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 67 confers the right to a ‘fair hearing’ to an ‘accused’ person ‘[i]n the determination of any charge’. Article 67 closely resembles article 14(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as fair trial clauses found in national constitutions. It is not, however, a typical provision found within criminal or penal codes as such. In effect, such texts generally belong in constitution-type instruments, where their role is hierarchically superior to the criminal law texts that they frame and control.

scholarly journals A EUTANÁSIA E O DIREITO DE ESCOLHA DO PACIENTE

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 174-193
Author(s):  
Murilo Aparecido Andrade Lugo ◽  
Karine Cordazzo
Keyword(s):  
Penal Code ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Death ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
The Right

      Resumo: A Eutanásia em sua tradução Literal significa Boa Morte, e é um tema muito discutido na sociedade atual. Muitos acreditam que seja um ato de misericórdia para com o paciente que está sofrendo, outros que é um crime contra a vida. A proposta é que este trabalho estude e trate da Eutanásia, mais precisamente sobre o direito à prática da Eutanásia. Abordar-se-á no presente trabalho, a atual legislação e o anteprojeto (Projeto de Lei nº 236/12) do Código Penal, tipificando autonomamente a Eutanásia, por ser essa uma conduta revestida de sensibilidade e piedade, mas que apresenta uma série de pontos controversos, polêmicas e dúvidas. Aborda em seu principal escopo o direito sobre a vida e sobre a morte, quando e quais direitos devem triunfar, e razões, favoráveis ou contrárias a aplicabilidade da Eutanásia bem como aborda os conflitos constitucionais envolvendo tal tema no Brasil e quais são as possíveis soluções para tais conflitos. Além disso, há o estudo de quais países foram os pioneiros na legalização do instituto da Eutanásia, os motivos que levaram a essa legalização, os resultados provenientes da tipificação da Eutanásia nesses países e como podem servir de exemplo para que outros países sigam o mesmo caminho. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica  em livros, revistas e artigos para a realização do presente trabalho.   Abstract: Euthanasia in its literal translation means Good Death, and is a much discussed topic in today's society. More crimes are an act of mercy towards the patient who is suffering, others that is a crime against life. The proposal is this work of study of Euthanasia, more precisely for the right to practice Euthanasia. The current legislation and draft law no. 236/12 of the Penal Code will be approached in this work, typifying autonomy euthanasia, because this is a program that is sensitive and pitiful but presents a series of controversial points, controversies and doubts. It addresses, in its main scope, the right to life and death, when and those that fall into the triumph, and the reasons, favorable or contrary to an application of euthanasia, as well as its constitutional approach such conflicts , the legalization of the euthanasia institute must be taken seriously, the reasons that lead to this legalization, the results of the euthanasia typing, and the possibility of serving the example for the other countries follow the same path. The research was bibliographical in books, magazines and articles for the accomplishment of the present work.

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