Walks of the convicted: russian practice and international legal approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Андрей Анатольевич Павленко
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
The Right

Право на прогулки - это специфическое право определенной части осужденных к лишению свободы, не имеющих свободного доступа к открытому воздуху. Анализ структуры этого права позволяет выделить в нем два компонента (основных функции) - обеспечивающий (гарантирующий) и стимулирующий. Обеспечивающий компонент является реализацией принципа гуманизма и обеспечения минимума надлежащего («достойного») обращения с осужденными - гарантий соответствующих условий содержания в ИУ. Второй компонент проявляется как стимул к правопослушному поведению осужденных, которое влечет за собой возможность увеличения времени прогулки в качестве либо меры, либо положительной оценки его поведения без применения меры. Содержание совокупности правовых норм, регулирующих прогулки осужденных, имеет ряд специфических черт: цель предоставления прогулок и их функциональное назначение, субъекты получения и условия возникновения этого права, периодичность, место и время проведения прогулок и, наконец, детально регламентированная процедура их проведения. В международных стандартах обращения с осужденными пребывание на свежем воздухе (прогулки) отдельно не рассматривается, а включено в разделы, связанные с физическими упражнениями. Более того, предоставление осужденным возможности заниматься физическими упражнениями является основной целью их нахождения на открытом воздухе. Реализуя рекомендации международных стандартов, предлагаем рассмотреть вопрос о законодательном закреплении в ст. 93 УИК РФ возможности физических упражнений на открытом воздухе во время прогулок осужденных, а в подзаконных нормативных правовых актах определить минимальный перечень оборудования прогулочного двора для таких занятий. Кроме того, необходимо нормативно определить продолжительность прогулок осужденным, переведенным в СИЗО в порядке ст. 77 УИК РФ, а также оставленным в следственных изоляторах на срок не свыше шести месяцев для отбывания наказания. The right to outdoor activities is a specific right of a certain part of the convicted prisoners, denied free access to outdoors. By analyzing the structure of this right, two components (main functions) can be distinguished - ensuring (guaranteeing) and stimulating. Ensuring component seeks to reflect the humanitarian principles and to provide a required («decent») treatment of prisoners - guarantees of appropriate detention conditions in correctional institutions. The second component manifests itself as an incentive to law-abiding behavior on the part of prisoners, which leads to the possibility of extending the time for outdoor activities. Content of the body of law which regulates outdoor activities has several specific characteristics: the purpose of providing outdoor activities and their functionality, subjects for receiving and preconditions to these rights, frequency, venue, and timing of the outdoor activities and, finally, detailed regulations governing their carriage. International standards for the treatment of convicted persons do not specifically address outdoor activities (walks) as it is included in physical exercises sections. Moreover, principal differences in international legal approaches, compared with domestic ones, presents itself as an opportunity for outdoor exercise as the main incentive for outdoor activity. Following international standards, we propose to consider the institutionalization of the right to exercise outdoors in Art. 93 of the Penal Code of the Russia and define a minimum list of yard equipment needed for such activities in statutory regulations. In addition, it is necessary to define the duration of trips for convicts who have been transferred to the jail in accordance with Art. 77 Penal сode of the Russia, as well as those left in remand prisons for a term not exceeding six months to serve the sentence.

scholarly journals Tecnologia X Saúde: Estudo Sobre a Ocorrência de Lesões Musculoesqueléticas em Universitários Usuários de Notebooks

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Juscelino Francisco Vilela Junio ◽  
Jessica Marques dos Santos ◽  
Rayssa Iracy da Silva ◽  
Juceluce Da Silva Vilela ◽  
Evanisia Assis Goes de Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Body Position ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Private Institution ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dominant Side

No século XXI, o notebook atingiu o maior auge das criações tecnológicas, tendo-se em vista o fato de ser compacto e poder ser facilmente carregado. Entretanto, o uso excessivo, a má postura e a limitação da ergonomia do notebook podem favorecer a ocorrência de lesões musculoesqueléticas. O estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em universitários que utilizam notebook. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, descritivo, exploratório, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra correspondeu a 246 indivíduos de uma instituição privada de ensino. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário com 17 questões fechadas. Os critérios de inclusão foram a utilização de notebook, com tempo mínimo de 60 min/dia, e a não existência de histórico de lesões em extremidades superiores. Do total de entrevistados, 43% se encontram entre a faixa etária de 18 a 19 anos; 58,9% não realizam atividades físicas; 65,8% não utilizam períodos de pausas e alongamentos; 39,6% utilizam o notebook de uma a duas horas por dia; 40,2% adotam a posição sentada, com o notebook sobre a mesa, gerando desconforto na coluna lombar (42,6%) e cervical (36,17%). Quanto à mão dominante, 84,4% são destros. A alta ocorrência de dores na cervical e lombar pode estar relacionada ao posicionamento mais adotado (computador portátil sobre a mesa), posicionamento que favorece o aumento da flexão cervical. A dor lombar é influenciada pelos longos períodos na posição sentada o que enseja o aumento da compressão nos discos intervertebrais. As dores no punho direito podem ser explicadas pelo excesso de digitação no lado dominante. Technology Versus Health: The Occurrence of Muscle-Skeleton Lesions in Undergraduates Using Notebooks ABSTRACT. The notebook reached the peak of technological inventions in the early 21st century, featuring compactness and portability. However, excessive use, bad body posture and the ergonomic limitations of the notebook may trigger muscle-skeleton lesions. Current paper investigates, through a descriptive, exploratory, transversal and quantitative study, the occurrence of muscle-skeleton lesions in university students using the notebook. Sample comprised 246 students from a private institution for higher education and the questionnaire comprised 17 questions. Inclusion criteria comprised usage of the notebook for at least 60 min/day and the absence of lesions in the higher members of the body. Further, 43% of the students were 18 - 19 years old; 58.9% did not practice any physical exercises; 65.8% ignored periodic pauses and stretching; 39.6% used the notebook for one or two hours per day; 40.2% used it while sitting, with the notebook on a table, with discomfiture for the lumbar (42.6%) and cervical (36.17%) column. Moreover, 84.4% are right-handed. High occurrence of cervical and lumbar pain may be related to body position (portable computer on the table), which increased cervical flexion. Lumbar pain is affected by long periods in a sitting position, increasing the compression of intervertebral discs. Pain in the right hand may be due to excessive typing on the dominant side.

scholarly journals Automatic Garden Umbrella Prototype with Light and Rain Sensor Based on Arduino Uno Microcontroller

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Yudi Irawan Chandra ◽  
Marti Riastuti ◽  
Kosdiana Kosdiana ◽  
Edo Prasetiyo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Sensor Module ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
The Right

Park is a green open space widely used by the community to carry out various activities ranging from recreation, playing, sports, and other passive activities. Current weather conditions are often uncertain. This makes people inconvenient when it rains suddenly, especially when outdoors such as in parks. Because if they don't immediately take shelter when it rains, it can make the body sick, besides that, rainwater can damage the non-waterproof gadgets they carry. In other conditions, when the weather is bright, and the sun is shining hot, it can make people feel hot and lazy to do outdoor activities in the park. Therefore, an automatic umbrella tool was made that functions as a shelter in the garden. In this tool, there is a light sensor module and also a rain sensor, which is controlled with the Arduino Uno microcontroller as an input data processor and an L298N motor driver, which functions to regulate the speed and direction of the DC motor rotation (to the right and left) as an umbrella drive. When the motor rotates to the right, the umbrella will open, while when the motor rotates to the left, the umbrella will close again.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

ANALISIS YURIDIS NORMATIF PUTUSAN PERKARA MAHKAMAH AGUNG KONSTITUSI RI No. 004/PUU-II/2004

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Rules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tax Court

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.

Some Comments on the Highest Attainable Standard of Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Gabriela Belova ◽  
Stanislav Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Health Resources ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Special Rapporteur ◽  
Health It ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Optional Protocol ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe last decades present a significant development of the economic, social and cultural rights and specifically, the right to health. Until 2000, the right to health has not been interpreted officially. By providing international standards, General Comment No.14 on the right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health has led to wider agreement that the right to health includes the social determinants of health such as access to various conditions, services, goods or facilities that are crucial for its implementation. The Reports of the Special Rapporteur on the right to health within the UN human rights system have contributed to the process of gaining the greater clarity about the right to health. It is obvious that achieving the highest attainable level of health depends on the principle of progressive implementation and the availability of the necessary health resources. The possibility individual complaints to be considered by the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights was introduced with the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, entered into force in 2013.

THE STATE OF OPEN ACCESS ADOPTION IN LEGAL SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES

Mousaion ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Solomon Bopape
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Open Access Publishing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Open Access Resources ◽  
The Right

The study of law focuses, among other aspects, on important issues relating to equality, fairness and justice in as far as free access to information and knowledgeis concerned. The launching of the Open Access to Law Movement in 1992, the promulgation of the Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarshipin 2009, and the formation of national and regional Legal Information Institutes (LIIs) should serve as an indication of how well the legal world is committed to freely publishing and distributing legal information and knowledge through the Internet to legal practitioners, legal scholars and the public at large aroundthe world. In order to establish the amount of legal scholarly content which is accessible through open access publishing innovations and initiatives, this studyanalysed the contents of websites for selected open access resources on the Internet internationally and in South Africa. The results of the study showed that there has been a steady developing trend towards the adoption of open access for legal scholarly literature internationally, while in South Africa legal scholarly literature is under the control of commercial publishers. This should be an issue for the legal scholarship which, among its focus, is to impart knowledge about the right of access to information and knowledge.

Pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic immune reactivity in prolonged experimental exposure of the body to sodium fluoride

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
А.С. Казицкая ◽  
Т.К. Ядыкина ◽  
М.С. Бугаева ◽  
А.Г. Жукова ◽  
Н.Н. Михайлова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Immune Reactivity ◽  
Organ Protection ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Subchronic Exposure ◽  
Study Results

В условиях непрерывного воздействия неблагоприятных факторов окружающей и производственной среды на человека особую актуальность приобретает изучение механизмов, поддерживающих гомеостаз организма. Длительное поступление фторидов в организм приводит к формированию хронической фтористой интоксикации, патогенез которой вызывает многочисленные споры и дискуссии. До сих пор недостаточно внимания уделяется изучению висцеральной патологии, обусловленной нарушениями иммунного статуса в условиях воздействия на организм соединений фтора. Практически отсутствуют исследования по изучению иммунной реактивности, определяющей морфофункциональный характер ответной реакции печени на ранних стадиях развития фтористой интоксикации. Цель работы - изучение действий патофизиологических механизмов иммунной реактивности печени при субхроническом действии на организм соединений фтора. Методика. Опыты проведены на 210 лабораторных крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г., разделенных на 2 группы: контрольную (n=80) и группу животных с субхроническим действием фторида натрия (n=130). Экспериментальные животные в течение 12 нед имели свободный доступ к водному раствору фторида натрия (концентрация 10 мг/л, что составляет суточную дозу фтора 1,2 мг/кг массы тела). Для изучения иммунологических и биохимических показателей забирали кровь из хвостовой вены через 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 нед от начала эксперимента. Для оценки состояния гуморального звена иммунитета определяли уровень сывороточных иммуноглобулинов (IgA, IgG, IgM) иммуноферментным анализом с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск). Уровень сывороточных цитокинов: TNF-α, IL-1β, 2, 4, 6, 10 определяли на анализаторе Multiskan EX методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием наборов «Вектор Бест» (Новосибирск). Подсчет общего количества лейкоцитов произведен классическим способом в камере Горяева, анализ лейкоцитарной формулы - в окрашенных мазках периферической крови. Метаболические изменения оценивали по активности ферментов в ткани печени: щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), аланин- и аспартатаминотрансфераз (АЛТ, АСТ), лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ), гаммаглутамилтранспептидазы (γ-ГТ). Активность ферментов определяли унифицированными методами с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск) на фотометре PM-750 (Германия). Гистологические исследования печени осуществляли после декапитации крыс, проводимой под эфирным наркозом. Результаты. Показано, что субхроническое воздействие фторида натрия сопровождается формированием внутриклеточных и внутрисосудистых повреждений печени. Активация медиаторов воспаления и развитие иммунологических нарушений в динамике эксперимента способствуют формированию системной воспалительной реакции, которая приводит к появлению стойких морфологических нарушений в печени и изменению активности ферментов основных метаболических путей. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке и проведении профилактических мероприятий в условиях воздействия на организм высоких концентраций фтора с последовательным применением детоксикационной, иммуномодуляторной и органопротекторной коррекции. Studying mechanisms, which maintain the body homeostasis, is particularly important in the conditions of continuous impact of adverse environmental and manufacturing factors. Long-term exposure to fluorides leads to chronic fluoric intoxication, the pathogenesis of which is a subject of multiple controversy and discussions. Not enough attention is still paid to elucidating the visceral pathology associated with fluorine-induced immune disorders. There are virtually no studies of immune reactions that define the morphofunctional nature of the liver response to early stages of fluoric intoxication. Aim. To study pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic immune reactivity in subchronic exposure of the body to fluorine compounds. Methods. Experiments were performed on 210 male rats weighing 180-220 g. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) control (n=80) and 2) subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride (n=130). The rats had free access to a 10 mg/l aqueous solution of sodium fluoride (daily dose, 1.2 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal vein at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of the experiment for immunological and biochemical tests. Histological study of the liver was performed after decapitation of rats under ether anesthesia. Results. The subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride was associated with intracellular and intravascular damage of the liver. Activation of inflammatory mediators and development of immunological disorders during the experiment contributed to a systemic inflammatory reaction, which resulted in persistent morphological injuries of the liver and changes in enzyme activities in major metabolic pathways. Conclusion. The study results can be used for development and implementation of preventive measures against the effects of high fluorine concentrations, which would include a successive use of detoxification, immunomodulation and organ protection.

Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Regimen ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.

Immunity boosting diet during Covid 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Devyani Dasar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
The Right ◽  
Daily Physical Activities ◽  
Physiological Reactions

WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document