Lexical Errors in English Students' Writing

This research analyzed lexical erros in writing of English students and focused on three types of errors; they were errors in literal translation, errors of word formation, and errors in word choice. This research aimed to explore the most frequent errors and the factors of errors made by English students. The design of this research was qualitative in which the data were colleted by using document in the form of students’ writings and interview. The informants of the research were thirty students majoring in English study program at Tadulako University. The result of this research showed that the most frequent errors made were in word choice and followed by errors in literal translation and errors in word formation. The factors causing the errors were students’ inability to consider the context of the topics when writing. They only focused on using dictionary, Google translate, or simply the words that they had in mind to express ideas in their writing. The students also never used words that were related to the topic in their daily interaction.

Translation methods of English-Indonesian subtitles in Mariana Atencio’s “TEDx talk: what makes you special?”

This research aims at finding out methods used to translate connotative and denotative phrases in the video subtitle of Mariana Atencio’s “Tedx Talk: What Makes You Special?”. The video was translated to Indonesian by Badaruddin Saahe and has been reviewed by Santi Deviyanti Rahayu. This research method was qualitative descriptive, focusing on Newmark’s translation theory. The data of this research were taken from the transcript of the video and the provided subtitles. This study revealed twenty-eight phrases with connotative meaning, and the translation process employed both single and mixed methods. Single method types of translation employed were faithful translation, adaptation, free translation, and idiomatic translation, while mixed methods employed faithful and adaptation, faithful and semantic, faithful and communicative, adaptation and communicative, free and idiomatic, and idiomatic and adaptation. This study also revealed twelve phrases with denotative meaning, in which the translator chooses to translate them denotatively using various methods, despite the phrases conveying other meanings. This relates to the second study issue, which explains the connection between denotative meaningful sentences and Newmark (1988) translation approach. Following his observations, the researcher discovered that only one method was used: word-for-word and literal translation. To translate phrases with this denotative meaning, the translator employs two ways simultaneously: word-for-word and literal, literal and adaptation, literal & faithful, faithful & communicative, and Idiomatic & communicative. The researcher may deduce from the previous explanation that mixed techniques and denotative meaning are related in the sense that the combined methods share the same qualities, namely direct, contextual, and communicative. As stated by Fromkin (2001), this is also related to the properties of the denotation itself.

TRANSLATION METHOD USED IN DELI MALAY AND SERDANG MALAY FOLKLORES FROM INDONESIAN TO ENGLISH

This study aimed to determine the many types of translation methods, how they were employed in the translation of the folklores "Deli Malay" and "Serdang Malay" from Indonesian to English, and why the translators used the prevailing types in these folklores. The descriptive qualitative method was used to perform this research. The data was gathered from a folklore book and an interview with the folklores' translator. Descriptive qualitative research is the method used to analyze the data. The findings of this study revealed that literal translation accounted for 39 sentences (16%), faithful translation accounted for 23 sentences (9%), semantic translation accounted for four sentences (2%), adaptation translation accounted for seven sentences (3%), free translation accounted for 158 sentences (64%) and communicative translation accounted for 16 sentences (6%). A total of 247 sentences were extracted from the data. Because he did not follow any theories or methods of translation when translating the texts, the translator utilized free translation as the dominating method. Instead, he evaluated the translations' target audience, youngsters, and made them acceptable and simple to understand.

AUDIOVISUAL AND SONG TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN SUBTITLE IN SHELTER MUSIC VIDEO

The current study aimed to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in creating the Indonesian subtitles for the original lyrics of Shelter – a collaboration project of music video by Porter Robinson and Madeon, A1-Pictures and Crunchyroll uploaded on YouTube in 2016. The data were analyzed based on the audiovisual translation theory, especially the linguistics of subtitling, the translation technical procedures in the compared stylistics, and the choice in song translation. The study also applied qualitative approach which enabled the researchers to emerge data in descriptive way (in the form of words or pictures instead of numbers). Furthermore, the data were also in the forms of an audiovisual content. The study indicated that most of the lyrics were translated based on literal translation that was reflected by the equivalence of the source language and the target language. The audiovisual theory, particularly reduction theory was also applied in creating the subtitles. In addition, the subtitles were created without taking the music into consideration, meaning that the subtitles were devoted as a supplement or no more than another piece of the source text.

РЕЛІГІЙНІ ТЕРМІНИ В ПЕРЕКЛАДІ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ: МІЖКУЛЬТУРНІ ВИМІРИ

The purpose of the study is to indicate the translation strategies and techniques that could be opted for while translating religion-related tourist promotional texts so that the target audience would get interested in the tourist objects.Methods. The analysis is based on the linguacultural approach which presupposes equal attention to linguistic presentation of the translation and its cross-cultural appropriateness. Specifically, we scrutinized the relevance of the equivalents on the textual level (lexical and grammatical correctness), the discourse level (conformity to the tourist discourse standards) and communicative level (maintenance of interactive relationship with the target audience). The method applied in the study is comparative analysis of the Ukrainian-English translation pairs.The results of the study testify to the strong tendency of translation adaptation which seems reasonable while the promotion of the destination is on the agenda. The data show that translation of religion-bound units in tourism promotional materials is predominantly based on the domestication approach, such as cultural adaptation of the religious terms through neutralization, generalization, reduction/compression, etc., and adaptation with explanation, particularly when dealing with specific theological concepts or historical church personalities. The foreignization approach which is implemented in literal translation of some religious terms without explanation is aimed at emphasizing the cultural singularity of the tourist object.Conclusions. Since the translation of religion-related tourist promotional texts is mostly expected to be tar-get-recipient-oriented and transparent, it is cultural adaptation that should be opted for as the dominant strategy whereas the local strategy of preservation (literal or loan translation of religious terms) should be employed in a very sensitive and sensible manner after considering the extra-linguistic and linguistic factors, otherwise the overuse of literal translation will impede effective cross-cultural communication.Key words: strategy, promotional text, source text, target recipient, religion. Мета роботи – визначити перекладацькі стратегії і техніки, якими доцільно послуговуватись під час перекладу туристичних промоційних текстів релігійного спрямування задля того, щоб викликати інтерес цільової аудиторії до туристичних об’єктів.Методи. Лінгвокультурний підхід, на якому ґрунтується аналіз, передбачає рівноцінне урахування як мовного оформлення перекладу, так і його міжкультурної відповідності. Зокрема, досліджено релевантність еквівалентів на текстовому рівні (лексико-граматична коректність), дискурсивному рівні (відповідність стандартам туристичного дискурсу) та комунікативному рівні (підтримка інтерактивного зв’язку з цільовою аудиторією). У роботі застосовано порівняльний аналіз українсько-англійських пар перекладу.Результати роботи засвідчують стійку тенденцію адаптації перекладу, що і є досить очікуваним у туристичному дискурсі. Отримані дані вказують, що переклад релігійно-специфічних одиниць у туристичних промоційних текстах загалом ґрунтується на одомашнювальному підході, зокрема культурній адаптації релігійних термінів шляхом нейтралізації, генералізації, редукції/компресії, тощо, а також адаптації з поясненням, якщо йдеться про специфічні теологічні поняття та історичні церковні особистості. Очужувальний підхід, який реалізується при буквальному перекладі окремих релігійних термінів без пояснення, спрямований на підкреслення культурної унікальності туристичного об’єкта.Висновки. Оскільки переклад туристичних промоційних текстів релігійного спрямування має бути насамперед орієнтованим на цільового реципієнта та зрозумілим, слід послуговуватись саме культурною адаптацією як домінуючою перекладацькою стратегією, в той час як локальну стратегію збереження форми оригіналу (буквальний переклад чи калькування релігійних термінів) варто застосовувати з особливою обережністю, беручи до уваги усі лінгвістичні та екстралінгвістичні фактори, інакше надмірне використання літературного перекладу перешкоджатиме ефективній міжкультурній комунікації.Ключові слова: стратегія, промоційний текст, вихідний текст, цільовий реципієнт, релігія.

Developing Culturally Effective Strategies for Chinese to English Geotourism Translation by Corpus-Based Interdisciplinary Translation Analysis

As a new field of translation with its own special genre, geotourism has not yet been firmly established because geotourism translations are currently not of a sufficient professional standard. This situation does not provide geotourists with the genre’s full target of enjoyment, learning and engagement through science popularisation tourism activities. In order to better meet these three definitive purposes in geotourism, this study analyses the three basic categories of geotourism—geological features (GFs), geological processes (GPs) and cultural elements (CEs)—to determine effective strategies of geotourism translation from Chinese into English. Challenges in translation include scientific jargon, language style and cultural gaps. In this article, the advantages of Hu’s Eco-translatology theory are explained and used for minimising translation problems; and the corpus linguistics method, superior for quantitative and qualitative analysis, is utilised. As well, digital auxiliary tools Tmxmall (2014) and Sketch Engine (2003) were employed to facilitate corpus research. Through analysis, effective strategies in each of the key geotourism categories, GFs, GPs and CEs, were identified, shaped and recommended for future translators’ attention. In the results, literal translation, transliteration and free translation, addition and use of official UNESCO names were recommended to render GFs. Division and shift translation, literal translation and shift and division were recommended for GPs. Literal translation, transliteration and free translation and addition were recommended for CEs. Since this is an initial investigation in the genre of geotourism, this study has attempted to build a model platform for future study and wider research in geotourism translation and translation pedagogy for the improvement of geotourism translation quality.

On the Prescription Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an essential legacy of Chinese culture, which makes a great contribution to China and the world's medical fields. To make it accepted by more people from different countries, the translation of TCM becomes important. As an important branch of TCM, the study of prescription promotes the development of TCM, and its translation is also significant. However, there are various problems in TCM prescription translation and there are few standards in TCM translation. Thus, this research uses Christiane Nord's "Functionality plus Loyalty" Translation Theory to analyze the TCM prescription translation. Based on characteristics of prescription formation, the paper applies Christiane Nord's "Functionality plus Loyalty" theory to TCM prescription translation. It draws a conclusion that TCM prescription translation can be done according to "Functionality plus Loyalty" theory, and there are three ways of prescription names translation. They are literal translation, free translation and transliteration.

STYLISTIC DEVICES IN REVEALING CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION

The present research focuses on the analysis of the most common stylistic devices that are used to depict characters’ emotions in two novels “Flowers for Algernon” (2006) and “The Minds of Billy Milligan” (1995) written by the American author Daniel Keyes. The patterns of translation of emotionally coloured extracts of the text where these stylistic devices have been used are analysed in this research. As stylistic devices are considered to be an integral part of the composition of works of fiction and they add emotional colouring and exert pragmatic influence on the readers, translators Viktor Shovkun and Olena Stusenko faced onerous work as their task was to find accurate equivalents and use translation transformations in order to avoid literal translation, achieve adequacy on all levels and preserve the stylistic colouring. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the translation should fully replace the original text and recipients should perceive the translated text as identical to the original even though stylistic devices and the emotional component of linguistic semantics are arduous to convey in translation. This research also concludes that translators most often resorted to lexical (concretization, generalization and modulation), lexico-grammatical (omission and addition) and grammatical (verbalization and nominalization) translation transformations to avoid literal translation. It has also been established and verified by a comparative method that more stylistic devices are used in the Ukrainian translation than in the original text. The most widely used stylistic devices are metaphors, epithets, comparisons and idioms. Key words: stylistic device, translation transformation, source text, target text, pragmatics, communicative intention, emotions.