scholarly journals Government Spending and Real Exchange Rate Case of Albania

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmira Cakrani ◽  
Pranvera Resulaj ◽  
Luciana Koprencka (Kabello)
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Various studies have found that governmentspending can lead to overestimation orunderestimation of the real exchange rate, depending on the composition of theseexpenditures. The purpose of this paper is toassess the impact of government spendingon real exchange rate in Albania. In this paper is used a log liner model with quarterlydata. Other explanatory variables in this model are: foreign direct investment, remittances,real GDP per capita, openness. Variables are tested for unit root and cointegration. Theresults indicate that government spendingis associated with overvaluation of realexchange rate in Albania.JEL Classification: E62; F31Various studies have found that governmentspending can lead to overestimation orunderestimation of the real exchange rate, depending on the composition of theseexpenditures. The purpose of this paper is toassess the impact of government spendingon real exchange rate in Albania. In this paper is used a log liner model with quarterlydata. Other explanatory variables in this model are: foreign direct investment, remittances,real GDP per capita, openness. Variables are tested for unit root and cointegration. Theresults indicate that government spendingis associated with overvaluation of realexchange rate in Albania.

Measuring the Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ivanov ◽  
Craig Webster
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Models ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a methodology for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth, which is tested with data for Cyprus, Greece and Spain. The authors use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth generated by tourism and economic growth generated by other industries. The methodology is compared with other existing methodologies; namely, Tourism Satellite Account, Computable General Equilibrium models and econometric modelling of economic growth.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Any Fatiwetunusa ◽  
Syamsurijal Syamsurijal ◽  
Sa’adah Yuliana
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Convergence ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Convergence Model ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio are analyzed in conditional convergence model. According to the Solow model, the economies of the countries will converge in which the growth of income per capita of developing countries will be higher than those of developed countries. The economies will be convergent if the countries tend to move to a similar steady state resulting in smaller gap between the countries. Based on the results of absolute convergence and conditional convergence models, APT countries is converging with the rate of 2% and 2.2%. This is consistent with the results of sigma convergence model that shows a declining trend in the dispersion of real GDP per capita in APT regions. The growth of real GDP per capita is influenced by initial GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio. Developed countries such as Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and South Korea experience the impact of high real GDP per capita growth. On the contrary, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and The Phillipines undergo the impact of low GDP per capita growth.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Healthcare on Economic Growth in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Juste Somé ◽  
Selsah Pasali ◽  
Martin Kaboine
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between health expenditures, health outcomes and economic growth in Africa using data from 48 African countries over the period 2000-2015 in a panel data regression framework. In line with wider literature on economic growth as well as health economics, the paper first finds that maternal, infant and child mortality rates are all negatively and significantly associated with economic growth in Africa. In addition, life expectancy at birth is positively associated with economic growth. A 9.4-year increase in life expectancy leads to 1 per cent increase in real GDP per capita. Second, the paper finds that health expenditures have direct and indirect effects on economic growth that are positive and economically meaningful. In particular, a 10 per cent increase in health expenditures leads to an increase in annual average real GDP per capita by 0.24 per cent. Third, education emerges as a strong determinant of both economic growth and health outcomes in Africa, particularly when female education is considered. The main policy implication of this paper is that governments should aim at spending more and efficiently on the overall health system to progress over health outcomes and benefit from the positive externalities leading to economic growth. In addition, it is crucial that governments partner with private sector for resource mobilization and effective service delivery.

China’s Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Lau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
The World ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

Chinese real gross domestic product (GDP) grew from US$369 billion in 1978 to US$12.7 trillion in 2017 (in 2017 prices and exchange rate), at almost 10% per annum, making the country the second largest economy in the world, just behind the United States. During the same period, Chinese real GDP per capita grew from US$383 to US$9,137 (2017 prices), at 8.1% per annum. Chinese economic reform, which began in 1978, consists of two elements—introduction of free markets for goods and services, coupled with conditional producer autonomy, and opening to international trade and direct investment with the rest of the world. In its transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, China employed a “dual-track” approach—with the pre-existing mandatory central plan continuing in force and the establishment of free markets in parallel. In its opening to the world, China set a competitive exchange rate for its currency, made it current account convertible in 1994, and acceded to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001. In 2005, China became the second largest trading nation in the world, after the United States. Other Chinese policies complementary to its economic reform include the pre-existing low non-agricultural wage and the limit of one-child per couple, introduced in 1979 and phased out in 2016. The high rate of growth of Chinese real output since 1978 can be largely explained by the high rates of growth of inputs, but there were also other factors at work. Chinese economic growth since 1978 may be attributed as follows: (a) the elimination of the initial economic inefficiency (12.7%), (b) the growth of tangible capital (55.7%) and labor (9.7%) inputs, (c) technical progress (or growth of total factor productivity (TFP)) (8%), and (d) economies of scale (14%). The Chinese economy also shares many commonalities with other East Asian economies in terms of their development experiences: the lack of natural endowments, the initial conditions (the low real GDP per capita and the existence of surplus agricultural labor), the cultural characteristics (thrift, industry, and high value for education), the economic policies (competitive exchange rate, export promotion, investment in basic infrastructure, and maintenance of macroeconomic stability), and the consistency, predictability, and stability resulting from continuous one-party rule.

scholarly journals Time Series Stochastic Properties Of Growth Miracles And Growth Disasters

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Avila ◽  
Hugo J. Faria ◽  
Hugo Montesinos-Yufa ◽  
Daniel Morales
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Stochastic Properties

Preliminary findings of this research suggest significant stochastic properties differences between growth miracles and growth disasters. Miracles real GDP per capita exhibit at least one unit root whereas disasters is either stationary or has a negative unit root. Average growth rates appear to be significantly different. Average population growth rate is stationary for disasters, for miracles the existence of a negative unit root cannot be rejected. Consumption for miracles is either stationary or tends to decline, for disasters is stationary or tends to increase. Investment average and volatility are apparently significantly greater for miracles. Government expenditures for disasters are non stationary, for miracles are stationary with an incipient tendency to decline. Moreover, average government expenditures apparently are greater and more volatile for disasters. Finally, openness is stationary for disasters and for miracles it has at least one unit root.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Any Fatiwetunusa ◽  
Syamsurijal Syamsurijal ◽  
Sa’adah Yuliana
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Convergence ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Convergence Model ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio are analyzed in conditional convergence model. According to the Solow model, the economies of the countries will converge in which the growth of income per capita of developing countries will be higher than those of developed countries. The economies will be convergent if the countries tend to move to a similar steady state resulting in smaller gap between the countries. Based on the results of absolute convergence and conditional convergence models, APT countries is converging with the rate of 2% and 2.2%. This is consistent with the results of sigma convergence model that shows a declining trend in the dispersion of real GDP per capita in APT regions. The growth of real GDP per capita is influenced by initial GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio. Developed countries such as Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and South Korea experience the impact of high real GDP per capita growth. On the contrary, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and The Phillipines undergo the impact of low GDP per capita growth.

Globalisation and Patents: A Study of Patents filed by India

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Bhanu Murthy ◽  
Tausheef Alam
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Significant Determinant ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Patent Filing

This paper studies the impact of globalisation on Indian patents. An attempt is made to analyse the impact of globalisation on patent filings by Indian citizens from 1993 to 2011. Using semi-log and double-log regression models, we study the impact of FDI, GDP and R&D expenditure on patent filings by Indians. Our results show that real GDP per capita is a significant determinant of FDI; an increase in GDP per capita by 1% leads to an increase in patents filed by 0.72%. FDI is not a significant determinant of patents filed, implying that the notion that globalisation leads to increase in patent filing does not hold good in the Indian case.

scholarly journals Analisis Perdagangan Kakao Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggita Tresliyana Suryana ◽  
Anna Fariyanti ◽  
Amzul Rifin
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
International Market ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Export Tax ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita

<p>pertumbuhan konsumsi dunia. Sejak pemerintah Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan pajak ekspor kakao biji dalam rangka untuk mengembangkan industri pengolahan kakao, ada perubahan dalam komposisi ekspor kakao. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perdagangan kakao Indonesia di pasar internasional. Pengukuran menggunakan Gravity Model menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor kakao biji Indonesia adalah GDP riil per kapita negara tujuan, nilai tukar, dan bea keluar kakao biji. Variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor kakao powder Indonesia adalah GDP riil per kapita Indonesia dan negara-negara tujuan serta nilai tukar, sementara semua variabel yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ekspor kakao butter. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian adalah Indonesia dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya dengan lebih memprioritaskan mengekspor kakao biji ke Cina. Kakao butter pangsa pasar sebaiknya ditingkatkan di Cina dan Australia, sedangkan untuk kakao powder, negara yang dapat ditingkatkan pangsa pasarnya adalah Rusia.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kakao biji, kakao butter, kakao powder, ekspor, Gravity Model</p><p>Indonesia is one of the largest cocoa producer and exporter in the world. Cocoa international market has great potential regarding world’s consumption growth. Therefore, Indonesia is expected to take advantage on existing opportunities. Since the government of Indonesia implemented export tax policy on cocoa beans in order to develop cocoa processing industry, there were changes in the composition of cocoa export. The objective of this study was to analyze factors that influence Indonesia’s cocoa trade in international market, by using Gravity Model. The result showed that variables that influence Indonesia’s cocoa beans exports significantly are real GDP per capita of destination countries, exchange rate, and cocoa beans export tax. Indonesia’s cocoa powder exports is significantly influnced by real GDP per capita of Indonesia and destination countries, and exchange rate, while all variables are significant in influencing cocoa butter export. The implications of this findings are Indonesia can increase market share by prioritizing of cocoa beans export to China. In the meantime, cocoa butter should be increasing market share in China and Australia, and cocoa powder in Rusia.</p>

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