Exploring the Impact of Healthcare on Economic Growth in Africa

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between health expenditures, health outcomes and economic growth in Africa using data from 48 African countries over the period 2000-2015 in a panel data regression framework. In line with wider literature on economic growth as well as health economics, the paper first finds that maternal, infant and child mortality rates are all negatively and significantly associated with economic growth in Africa. In addition, life expectancy at birth is positively associated with economic growth. A 9.4-year increase in life expectancy leads to 1 per cent increase in real GDP per capita. Second, the paper finds that health expenditures have direct and indirect effects on economic growth that are positive and economically meaningful. In particular, a 10 per cent increase in health expenditures leads to an increase in annual average real GDP per capita by 0.24 per cent. Third, education emerges as a strong determinant of both economic growth and health outcomes in Africa, particularly when female education is considered. The main policy implication of this paper is that governments should aim at spending more and efficiently on the overall health system to progress over health outcomes and benefit from the positive externalities leading to economic growth. In addition, it is crucial that governments partner with private sector for resource mobilization and effective service delivery.

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Measuring the Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth

Tourism Economics ◽

10.5367/000000007781497773 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 379-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Stanislav Ivanov ◽

Craig Webster

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

General Equilibrium ◽

Computable General Equilibrium ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Equilibrium Models ◽

Computable General Equilibrium Models ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

This paper presents a methodology for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth, which is tested with data for Cyprus, Greece and Spain. The authors use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth generated by tourism and economic growth generated by other industries. The methodology is compared with other existing methodologies; namely, Tourism Satellite Account, Computable General Equilibrium models and econometric modelling of economic growth.

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Impact of Environment, Life Expectancy and Real GDP per Capita on Health Expenditures: Evidence from the EU Member States

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182413176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (24) ◽

pp. 13176

Author(s):

Yilmaz Bayar ◽

Marius Dan Gavriletea ◽

Mirela Oana Pintea ◽

Ioana Cristina Sechel

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita

This research explores the impact of environment, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita on health expenditures in a sample of 27 EU member states over the 2000–2018 period through causality and cointegration analyses. The causality analysis revealed a significant unilateral causality from variables of greenhouse gas emissions, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita to health expenditures. In other words, greenhouse gas emissions, life expectancy, and real GDP per capita had a significant impact on health expenditures in the short run. The cointegration analysis indicated that life expectancy and real GDP per capita had a significant positive impact on health expenditures at the overall panel. On the other side, the country level cointegration coefficients revealed that life expectancy had a considerable positive impact on health expenditures, real GDP per capita had a moderate positive impact on the health expenditures in most of the countries in the panel, but the environment proxied by greenhouse gas emissions had a low positive or negative impact on the health expenditures in a limited number of countries.

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Organized Crime and Corruption in Italy: The Impact on Real GDP Per Capita

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3805871 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giuseppe Candido

Keyword(s):

Organized Crime ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

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EXPORT-GROWTH NEXUS WHILE USING THE BLOCK EXOGENEITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.3531 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25-46

Author(s):

Zia Ur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Time Frame ◽

Capital Formation ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

Import Trade ◽

Bound Test

The core objective of the study is to analyze the association between export and eco-nomic growth under the consideration of the time frame 1967 to 2017 for Pakistan economy. The review of literature assists to find out the frequently utilize factors are the real GDP per capita, export, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capi-tal formation possible determinants of the economic growth. However, Export Led Growth (ELG) hypothesis is oftenly employed to elaborate the affiliation between ex-port and the growth. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test approach to cointegration accompanied with the structural break and vector auto regressive (VAR) are employed to analysis the long-term association among real GDP per capita, ex-port, import, trade openness, fiscal development and capital formation. The empirical analysis confirms the cointegration among the factors and the ELG hypothesis holds in Pakistan economy. The Block Exogeneity reveals that export and the capital for-mation have strong influence to stimulate the economic growth. While all the other factors have cumulative influence on the growth. Moreover, the impulse response exposes that if the shock of real GDP per capita, import, trade openness, fiscal devel-opment and the capital formation are given to the export, then response of export would be positive in the coming time frame.

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The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries

SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ◽

10.29259/sijdeb.v1i1.51-76 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Any Fatiwetunusa ◽

Syamsurijal Syamsurijal ◽

Sa’adah Yuliana

Keyword(s):

Absolute Convergence ◽

Value Added ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Conditional Convergence ◽

Income Per Capita ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

Convergence Model ◽

The Impact

The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio are analyzed in conditional convergence model. According to the Solow model, the economies of the countries will converge in which the growth of income per capita of developing countries will be higher than those of developed countries. The economies will be convergent if the countries tend to move to a similar steady state resulting in smaller gap between the countries. Based on the results of absolute convergence and conditional convergence models, APT countries is converging with the rate of 2% and 2.2%. This is consistent with the results of sigma convergence model that shows a declining trend in the dispersion of real GDP per capita in APT regions. The growth of real GDP per capita is influenced by initial GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio. Developed countries such as Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and South Korea experience the impact of high real GDP per capita growth. On the contrary, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and The Phillipines undergo the impact of low GDP per capita growth.

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Energy Consumption - Economic Growth Relationship and Carbon Emissions in Twelve Provinces of West of China

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.885 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 178-181 ◽

pp. 885-892 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yong Ping Bai ◽

Jing Yang

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Income Elasticity ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Great Effort ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

Level Group

This paper applies the panel unit root, heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel-based dynamic OLS to re-investigate the co-movement and relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for 12 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in West of China from 1989 to 2009. The empirical results show that there is a positive long-run cointegrated relationship between real GDP per capita and energy consumption variables. Furthermore, we investigate three cross-regional groups, namely the stronger-level, medium-level and weaker-level groups, and get more important results and implications. In the long-term, a 1% increase in real GDP per capita increases the consumption of energy by different rates for three groups respectively, and subsequently it increases at different rates in three groups of the carbon emissions in West of China. The economic growth in stronger-level group is energy-dependent to a great extent, and the income elasticity of energy consumption in stronger-level group is over several times than that of the weaker-level groups. At present, West of China are subject to tremendous pressures formitigating climate change issues. It is possible that the GDP per capita elasticity of carbon emissions would be controlled in a range that orients sustainable development by the great effort.

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The nexus between stock market development and economic growth

Corporate Ownership and Control ◽

10.22495/cocv14i1c1p10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 269-277

Author(s):

Kunofiwa Tsaurai

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Stock Market ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Market Development ◽

Stock Market Development ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Short Run ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

The study investigated the relationship between stock market development and economic growth in Belgium using ARDL approach with annual time series data from 1988 to 2012. Real GDP per capita was used as a proxy for economic growth and stock market capitalization as a ratio of GDP as an approximate measure of stock market development. The relationship between stock market development and economic growth falls into four categories which are (1) stock market-led economic growth, (2) economic growth-led stock market development, (3) feedback effect and (4) neutrality hypothesis where the relationship between the two variables does not exist. Despite the existence of these four views on the relationship between stock market and economic growth, it appears from the literature review done by the author that majority of the empirical evidence support the stock market-led economic growth view. The fact that the topic on the directional causality between stock market and economic growth is still inconclusive is the major motivating factor why the author chose to investigate the relationship between the two variables in Belgium. The study observed that there exist an insignificant long run causality running from stock market development towards economic growth in Belgium. This relationship was not detected in the short run. Moreover, the reverse causality from real GDP per capita to stock market capitalization both in the long and short run was not detected in Belgium. These results are at variance with the majority of the empirical findings reviewed earlier on. It could possibly be that certain conditions that are necessary to enable stock market to significantly positively influence economic growth were not in place in Belgium. Therefore, the study urges the Belgium authorities to put in place the right environment, policies and programmes that enable the stock market to play its role of stimulating economic growth.

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Government Spending and Real Exchange Rate Case of Albania

European Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n4p303 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 303 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edmira Cakrani ◽

Pranvera Resulaj ◽

Luciana Koprencka (Kabello)

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Real Exchange Rate ◽

Unit Root ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

Various studies have found that governmentspending can lead to overestimation orunderestimation of the real exchange rate, depending on the composition of theseexpenditures. The purpose of this paper is toassess the impact of government spendingon real exchange rate in Albania. In this paper is used a log liner model with quarterlydata. Other explanatory variables in this model are: foreign direct investment, remittances,real GDP per capita, openness. Variables are tested for unit root and cointegration. Theresults indicate that government spendingis associated with overvaluation of realexchange rate in Albania.JEL Classification: E62; F31Various studies have found that governmentspending can lead to overestimation orunderestimation of the real exchange rate, depending on the composition of theseexpenditures. The purpose of this paper is toassess the impact of government spendingon real exchange rate in Albania. In this paper is used a log liner model with quarterlydata. Other explanatory variables in this model are: foreign direct investment, remittances,real GDP per capita, openness. Variables are tested for unit root and cointegration. Theresults indicate that government spendingis associated with overvaluation of realexchange rate in Albania.

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Explaining Growth in African Countries – What Matters?

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/032.2019.69.3.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 467-484

Author(s):

José Augusto Lopes Da Veiga ◽

Alexandra Ferreira-Lopes ◽

Tiago Neves Sequeira ◽

Marcelo Serra Santos

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Public Debt ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

African Countries ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Short Run ◽

Per Capita ◽

Determinants Of Economic Growth

In this paper we analyse the role of the traditional determinants of economic growth in the African countries in the period between 1950 and 2012. Due to the specificity and the single nature of each one of these countries, methods that take into account observed and unobserved heterogeneity are used. Results highlight the relevance of the growth rate of the capital stock to growth in the short-run, which is significant in all regressions. The growth rate of the government to GDP ratio is also important in all but one of the regressions in which it appears, and its growth is harmful for the growth of GDP per capita in the short-run. The variables related to public debt do not present any relationship with economic growth. Human capital has a positive relationship with economic growth in regressions that do not include public debt. The growth rate of real GDP per capita also depends (negatively) on its past value, i.e., the lower the real GDP per capita the higher will be its growth rate.

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Cashless Payments and Economic Growth in Selected European Countries

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio H Oeconomia ◽

10.17951/h.2020.54.3.33-46 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Marlena Grzelczak ◽

Radosław Pastusiak

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Eastern Europe ◽

Western Europe ◽

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Payment Cards ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

Per Capita ◽

Transfer Order

Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper was to show connections between the instruments of cashless payments and economic growth. The goal was to find the answers to the following research questions: What is the current share of payments with the use of particular forms of cashless payments in total payments?; What forms of cashless payments are connected with economic growth measured by real GDP per capita in the group of countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe?; What is the relation between the value of cashless payments and economic growth measured by real GDP per capita in the group of countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe?Research methods: Spearman’s rank correlation.Research results: The authors have found that the highest share in terms of the number of payments in total payments in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe constituted payments with the use of payment cards, then, the payments with the use of a transfer order. Whereas, in the countries of Western Europe, apart from the fact that high percentage of payments in total constituted payments with the use of payment cards and transfer orders, more and more payments are made with the use of the instruments of e-money. Examining mutual relationships, information about correlational connections that occur between economic growth measured by GDP per capita and value of payments with the use of some instruments of cashless payments was obtained. The main conclusion that can be drawn after data analysis is positive relationships between the value of payments with the use of a transfer order, payment card and economic growth found both in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the countries of Western Europe. In the countries of Western Europe, the payments with the use of a direct debit turned out to be insignificant, whereas the payments with the use of instruments of e-money were signifiant. Taking into account the force of relationships, it can be said that higher positive correlation is shown by the value of payments with the use of a transfer order with reference to real GDP per capita in the countries of Western Europe (0.80). In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, it is only 0.48. Mutual connections between the value of payments with the use of payment cards and economic growth are similar in both groups of countries. What is interesting, high impact on real GDP per capita – about 0.80 – is shown by the payments with the use of instruments of e-money. This study may represent a contribution to further research, that is, an analysis of cause-and-effect relationships in the field of cashless payments and economic growth, including division of countries in terms of, for example, the level of wealth.Added value: Analysis of current literature on the impact of cashless payments on economic growth and an empirical analysis.

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