scholarly journals Autonomous cars and responsible innovation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miklós Lukovics ◽  
Bence Zuti ◽  
Erik Fisher ◽  
Béla Kézy
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Responsible Innovation ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Social Ordering ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Global World

Digitalization, a dominant megatrend in today’s global world, offers numerous intriguing technological possibilities. Out of these novelties, self-driving cars have rapidly come to be a primary focus; the literature categorizes them as a radical innovation due to the possibility that the mass adoption of self-driving cars would not only radically change everyday life for members of industrialized societies, but calls into question the infrastructural, legal, and social ordering of towns and numerous aspects of transportation in the societies that adopt them. Meanwhile, the results of several international surveys with large samples show that public opinion of self-driving cars is ambivalent, indicating parallel signals of enthusiasm and concern. The aim of this paper is to develop key components of a general strategy for addressing the societal challenges associated with self-driving cars as identified in international surveys and relevant literature and using the framework of responsible innovation.

Autonomy and Responsibility in Hybrid Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulf Loh ◽  
Janina Loh
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Trolley Cases ◽  
Autonomous Driving System

In this chapter, we give a brief overview of the traditional notion of responsibility and introduce a concept of distributed responsibility within a responsibility network of engineers, driver, and autonomous driving system. In order to evaluate this concept, we explore the notion of man–machine hybrid systems with regard to self-driving cars and conclude that the unit comprising the car and the operator/driver consists of such a hybrid system that can assume a shared responsibility different from the responsibility of other actors in the responsibility network. Discussing certain moral dilemma situations that are structured much like trolley cases, we deduce that as long as there is something like a driver in autonomous cars as part of the hybrid system, she will have to bear the responsibility for making the morally relevant decisions that are not covered by traffic rules.

Assessment of Introductory Transportation Engineering Course and General Transportation Engineering Curriculum

2013 ◽  
Vol 2328 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod E. Turochy ◽  
Jon Fricker ◽  
H. Gene Hawkins ◽  
David S. Hurwitz ◽  
Stephanie S. Ivey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Transportation Engineering ◽  
Engineering Programs ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Credit Hours ◽  
Introductory Course ◽  
The Status ◽  
Primary Focus

Transportation engineering is a critical subdiscipline of the civil engineering profession as indicated by its inclusion on the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination and overlap with other specialty areas of civil engineering and as recognized by TRB, ITE, and ASCE. With increasing transportation workforce needs, low numbers of students entering the pipeline, and limited hours within undergraduate civil engineering programs, it is important to ensure that civil engineering students receive adequate preparation and exposure to career opportunities in the transportation engineering field. Thus, investigations into the status of transportation engineering within civil engineering programs and specifically the introductory transportation engineering course are essential for understanding implications to the profession. Relevant literature and findings from a new survey of civil engineering programs accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology is reviewed; that survey yielded 84 responses. The survey indicates that 88% of responding programs teach an introductory course in transportation engineering, and 79% require it in their undergraduate programs. Significant variation exists in the structure of the introductory course (number of credit hours, laboratory requirements, etc.). Common responses about improvements that could be made include adding laboratories, requiring a second course, and broadening course content. In addition, nearly 15% of instructors teaching the introductory course did not have a primary focus in transportation engineering. This finding should be investigated further, given that the course may be an undergraduate civil engineering student's only exposure to the profession.

Witness of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Ayvaz ◽  
Salih Cemil Cetin
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Vehicle To Infrastructure ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for autonomous cars to establish trusted parties by combining distributed ledgers and self-driving cars in the traffic to provide single version of the truth and thus build public trust. Design/methodology/approach The model, which the authors call Witness of Things, is based on keeping decision logs of autonomous vehicles in distributed ledgers through the use of vehicular networks and vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure (or vice versa) communications. The model provides a single version of the truth and thus helps enable the autonomous vehicle industry, related organizations and governmental institutions to discover the true causes of road accidents and their consequences in investigations. Findings In this paper, the authors explored one of the potential effects of blockchain protocol on autonomous vehicles. The framework provides a solution for operating autonomous cars in an untrusted environment without needing a central authority. The model can also be generalized and applied to other intelligent unmanned systems. Originality/value This study proposes a blockchain protocol-based record-keeping model for autonomous cars to establish trusted parties in the traffic and protect single version of the truth.

scholarly journals Between Real World and Thought Experiment: Framing Moral Decision-Making in Self-Driving Car Dilemmas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Schäffner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Business World ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Trolley Cases

AbstractHow should driverless vehicles respond to situations of unavoidable personal harm? This paper takes up the case of self-driving cars as a prominent example of algorithmic moral decision-making, an emergent type of morality that is evolving at a high pace in a digitised business world. As its main contribution, it juxtaposes dilemma decision situations relating to ethical crash algorithms for autonomous cars to two edge cases: the case of manually driven cars facing real-life, mundane accidents, on the one hand, and the dilemmatic situation in theoretically constructed trolley cases, on the other. The paper identifies analogies and disanalogies between the three cases with regard to decision makers, decision design, and decision outcomes. The findings are discussed from the angle of three perspectives: aspects where analogies could be found, those where the case of self-driving cars has turned out to lie in between both edge cases, and those where it entirely departs from either edge case. As a main result, the paper argues that manual driving as well as trolley cases are suitable points of reference for the issue of designing ethical crash algorithms only to a limited extent. Instead, a fundamental epistemic and conceptual divergence of dilemma decision situations in the context of self-driving cars and the used edge cases is substantiated. Finally, the areas of specific need for regulation on the road to introducing autonomous cars are pointed out and related thoughts are sketched through the lens of the humanistic paradigm.

Acute Leukemia Immunohistochemistry: A Systematic Diagnostic Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-475
Author(s):  
Randall J. Olsen ◽  
Chung-Che Chang ◽  
Jennifer L. Herrick ◽  
Youli Zu ◽  
Aamir Ehsan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Formalin Fixed Tissue ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification

Abstract Context.—The diagnosis and classification of leukemia is becoming increasingly complex. Current classification schemes incorporate morphologic features, immunophenotype, molecular genetics, and clinical data to specifically categorize leukemias into various subtypes. Although sophisticated methodologies are frequently used to detect characteristic features conferring diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications, a thorough microscopic examination remains essential to the pathologic evaluation. Detailed blast immunophenotyping can be performed with lineage- and maturation-specific markers. Although no one marker is pathognomonic for one malignancy, a well-chosen panel of antibodies can efficiently aid the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemias. Objective.—To review important developments from recent and historical literature. General immunohistochemical staining patterns of the most commonly encountered lymphoid and myeloid leukemias are emphasized. The goal is to discuss the immunostaining of acute leukemias when flow cytometry and genetic studies are not available. Data Sources.—A comprehensive review was performed of the relevant literature indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and referenced medical texts. Additional references were identified in the reviewed manuscripts. Conclusions.—Immunophenotyping of blasts using an immunohistochemical approach to lymphoid and myeloid malignancies is presented. Initial and subsequent additional antibody panels are suggested to confirm or exclude each possibility in the differential diagnosis and a general strategy for diagnostic evaluation is discussed. Although the use of immunohistochemistry alone is limited and evaluation by flow cytometry and genetic studies is highly recommended, unavoidable situations requiring analysis of formalin-fixed tissue specimens arise. When performed in an optimized laboratory and combined with a careful morphologic examination, the immunohistochemical approach represents a useful laboratory tool for classifying various leukemias.

scholarly journals The Thorny Challenge of Making Moral Machines: Ethical Dilemmas with Self-Driving Cars

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Edmond Awad ◽  
Jean-François Bonnefon ◽  
Azim Shariff ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Moral Machines ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Study ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
Self Driving Cars

AbstractThe algorithms that control AVs will need to embed moral principles guiding their decisions in situations of unavoidable harm. Manufacturers and regulators are confronted with three potentially incompatible objectives: being consistent, not causing public outrage, and not discouraging buyers. The presented moral machine study is a step towards solving this problem as it tries to learn how people all over the world feel about the alternative decisions the AI of self-driving vehicles might have to make. The global study displayed broad agreement across regions regarding how to handle unavoidable accidents. To master the moral challenges, all stakeholders should embrace the topic of machine ethics: this is a unique opportunity to decide as a community what we believe to be right or wrong, and to make sure that machines, unlike humans, unerringly follow the agreed-upon moral preferences. The integration of autonomous cars will require a new social contract that provides clear guidelines about who is responsible for different kinds of accidents, how monitoring and enforcement will be performed, and how trust among all stakeholders can be engendered.

scholarly journals Book Review: Social Changes in a Global World by Ulrike Schuerkens

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia E Toutant
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Global World

Walden University’s social change approach is an essential part of its vision and is transmitted through the academic work and knowledge of its graduates, who are trained to find solutions to critical societal challenges in pursuit of advancing the greater global good. Schuerkens’ <em>Social Changes in a Global World</em> can serve as a compendium for the Walden family and others interested in this topic. The author examines how social transformations and changes are connected to issues of power and political influence; how transformations and changes have been influenced by concepts of modernity, progress, and rationalization; how transformations and changes differ in various contexts and geographical areas. The author explores globalization through both anthropological and sociological lenses along with the distinct journeys of humanity in developing and industrialized nations that are now seemingly merging and sharing commercial and cultural interests. The audience for this book may include academics, higher education practitioners, individuals concerned with global civil society, and political activists.

scholarly journals Building Interactive Communication Tools to Support Interdisciplinary Responsible Innovation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Flipse ◽  
Joric Oude Vrielink ◽  
Maarten Van der Sanden
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
Responsible Innovation ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Development Teams ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Scientific Context

Recent science policy encourages the installation of Responsible Research & Innovation (RRI) practices, which should help solve grand societal challenges and be more readily adopted by society. RRI may be implemented by setting up interdisciplinary innovation development teams, bringing together technical and non-technical experts from various disciplines and backgrounds, enabling engineers to let their work become inspired by – or even partly co-shaped by – societal insights and viewpoints, while societal actors get acquainted with techno-scientific context. We developed a Decision Support Tool to support interdisciplinary innovation teams, that visualizes innovation project performance and success chances. It supports communication and collaboration in interdisciplinary teams by proposing practical improvement areas, based on shared expertise, including socio-ethical, societal, economic and management related aspects. Still, further investigation is needed to learn how such a tool can be used to systematically integrate RRI in practice, to harness its full innovative potential.

scholarly journals Conceptualising Islamic Human Resource Management Principles in the Context of Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Shaban Jamal Ayyat ◽  
Md. Faruk Abdullah ◽  
Bahyah Abdul Halim
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Standard Practices

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to conceptualise Human Resource Management Principles in the context of Palestine by investigating the current and standard practices of Islamic HRM principles in the West Bank in Palestine. The primary focus is more on the implementation and awareness about Islamic HRM principles in the large institutions and organisations including governmental and non-governmental influential bodies like banks, universities, ministries and other key organisations. Approach – The paper takes the form of a qualitative approach based on an extensive review of relevant literature. It examines the different available research works and studies done in the field of HRM and Islamic Human resources in the West Bank in Palestine. It aims to summarise the current trends and possible future implications of the present behaviours and practices in the Palestinian organisations and their awareness about the importance of Islamic HRM. Findings – The reviewed literature reveals a considerable misunderstanding of the critical concepts of the Islamic HRM and a lack of awareness about their nature and importance to the organisations. Although most organisations claim that their practices are in line with the principles of Islam and they care a lot about fair treatment and honesty, nevertheless the reality is that the literature reveals a minimal implementation of these principles. Furthermore, the Israeli occupation has created many limitations on Palestinian organisations. Research limitations – The limitations that this study faced are the lack of data from primary resources and official data. Furthermore, there is a lack of research papers on Islamic HRM in the Palestinian context because of the limited resources and empirical studies in this area. Value –The study has an excellent value for decision-makers and policymakers in Palestine and shows them the importance of implementing Islamic HRM for their organisations

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