scholarly journals Reaction of Carbidopa with cis-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]− in Aqueous Medium: A Kinetic, Mechanistic and Antiparkinsonian Study of the Product Complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1653-1659
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu Sekhar Rout ◽  
Durga Madhab Kar ◽  
Sudam Chandra Si ◽  
Ajaya Kumar Patnaik ◽  
Prakash Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Decarboxylase Inhibitor ◽  
Conjugate Base ◽  
Common Neurodegenerative Disorder

For the treatment of Parkinson′s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, requires a combination of levodopa with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, such as carbidopa which provides a symptomatic relief to patients. Reaction of carbidopa with cis-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]– has been carried out in aqueous medium over the range 35 ≤ t ≤ 50 ºC, 4.0 ≤ pH ≤ 6.0 , 3.75 × 10-3 mol dm-3 ≤ [carbidopa] ≤ 9.38 × 10-3 mol dm-3, I (KNO3) = 0.1 mol dm-3. There is outersphere association between cis-[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]– and conjugate base of carbidopa followed by first chelation. The characterization of the product was performed by using NMR and infrared spectroscopies. The product showed better antiparkinsonian activity than the combination of levodopa and carbidopa

scholarly journals Review of medicine utilization for Parkinson’s disease management: the Bulgarian perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zornitsa Mitkova ◽  
Maria Kamusheva ◽  
Dobrinka Kalpachka ◽  
Desislava Ignatova ◽  
Konstantin Tachkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Decarboxylase Inhibitor ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Common Neurodegenerative Disorder

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD), which occurs in 1% of the population, is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the broad spectrum of PD manifestations and high disease prevalence, there are insufficient data on medicine utilization and prescription strategies. The purpose of the current study was to analyze published data concerning treatment approaches and to compare them with Bulgarian therapeutic practice.Design and methods: We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, and we calculated medicine utilization in Bulgaria during 2018 and 2019 using the WHO methodology.Results: The literature search identified a total of 311 publications, but only 12 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies pointed out that levodopa-containing medicine are the most frequently used, followed by dopamine agonists. The highest rate was found for levodopa-containing products and decarboxylase inhibitor (1.06 and 1.33 DDD/1000 inh/day), followed by anticholinergic Biperiden (0.494 and 0.455 DDD/1000 inh/day) during 2018 and 2019 in Bulgaria.Conclusion: Overall, the treatment approaches used in the last decade comply with guideline recommendations, despite variations in levodopa and dopamine agonist utilization. Even though new medicines have been approved for PD management, levodopa-containing products are still most often prescribed and used worldwide.

Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer’s Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1214-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Tanvir Kabir ◽  
Md. Sahab Uddin ◽  
Bijo Mathew ◽  
Pankoj Kumar Das ◽  
Asma Perveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Aβ Oligomers ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. Objective: In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. Summary: Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine’s immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. Conclusion: Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tris(trimethyltin) Thiophosphate (Me3Sn)3PO3S

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1781-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel-Fattah Shihada
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Ir And Raman Spectra ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Polymeric Structure ◽  
Ir And Raman

(Me3Sn)3PO3S has been prepared from the reaction of Me3SnCl with Na3PO3S • 12 H2O under cooling in aqueous medium. Its IR and Raman spectra are found to be consistent with a polymeric structure with tetra- and penta-coordinated tin atoms. The 31P NMR and mass spectra of (Me3Sn)3PO3S are reported and discussed.

Mechanisms of neuronal death in disease: defining the models and the players

2008 ◽  
Vol 415 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M. Ribe ◽  
Esther Serrano-Saiz ◽  
Nsikan Akpan ◽  
Carol M. Troy
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Caspase Family ◽  
Common Neurodegenerative Disorder

Dysregulation of life and death at the cellular level leads to a variety of diseases. In the nervous system, aberrant neuronal death is an outstanding feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Since the discovery of the caspase family of proteases, much effort has been made to determine how caspases function in disease, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although many papers have been published examining caspases in neuronal death and disease, the pathways have not been fully clarified. In the present review, we examine the potential players in the death pathways, the current tools for examining these players and the models for studying neurological disease. Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and cerebral ischaemia, the most common cause of neurological death, are used to illustrate our current understanding of death signalling in neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the neuronal death pathways would provide targets for the development of therapeutic interventions for these diseases.

scholarly journals White matter changes in Huntington’s disease and the demyelination hypothesis: a critical review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
chiara casella ◽  
Claudia Metzler-Baddeley ◽  
Derek Jones ◽  
Ilona Lipp
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Tissue Modeling ◽  
Cortical Grey Matter ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by atrophy of the neostriatum, and cortical grey matter abnormalities. White matter (WM) alterations have recently been identified as a relevant pathophysiological feature of HD, but the etiology of WM degeneration, and its role in disease pathogenesis and progression remain unclear. An increasing body of research suggests that WM changes in HD are due to alterations in myelin-associated biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. This review first discusses evidence from neurochemical studies lending support to the ‘De-myelination hypothesis’ of HD, and pointing towards a role for aberrant myelination and changes in oligodendrocytes in HD WM. Next, evidence from neuroimaging studies is reviewed, the limitations of the described methodologies are discussed and suggested interpretations of findings from published studies are challenged. Although our understanding of HD-associated pathological changes in the brain will increasingly rely on neuroimaging techniques, the shortcomings of these methodologies must not be forgotten. Advances in MRI techniques and tissue modeling will enable a better characterization of the biological properties of WM microstructure, and will allow more specific monitoring of longitudinal changes noninvasively. This, in turn, will provide insight into disease pathogenesis and progression and facilitate the identification of disease-related biomarkers and the specification of outcome measures in clinical trials.

Facile hydrogenation of N-heteroarenes by magnetic nanoparticle-supported sub-nanometric Rh catalysts in aqueous medium

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
pp. 4709-4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh ◽  
Md. Abdul Aziz ◽  
Abdul Nasar Kalanthoden ◽  
Aasif Helal ◽  
Abbas S. Hakeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticle ◽  
Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst

This work describes the preparation and systematic characterization of a reusable magnetic heterogeneous nanocatalyst (Rh@Fe3O4) for the hydrogenation of N-heterocycles and simple aromatics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document