Exploring Environments through Water: An Ethno-Hydrography of the Tibesti Mountains (Central Sahara)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tilman Musch
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River System ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Sandstone Rock ◽  
Central Sahara

An ethno-hydrography, studying the organization of space through water, can provide a key to understanding how people conceive their environments in a holistic way. Based on mapping as a dynamic process, different representations of river systems among the Tubu Teda, who live in the Tibesti mountains (Central Sahara), are described in this paper. I first discuss a large-scale subdivision of the mountains into drainage basins, and then representations of a sub-regional and local river system, including an engraving on a sandstone rock. Finally, I discuss these case studies in the context of holistic experiences of environments and the dynamic processes of mapping.

scholarly journals A Model Predictive Control Framework for Real-Time Optimisation of Water System Operations

10.29007/fg7g ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Madsen ◽  
Anne Katrine Falk ◽  
Rasmus Halvgaard
Keyword(s):  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water System ◽  
River System ◽  
Quadratic Program ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Time Control

We have developed a versatile Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework, which can handle real-time control of a large variety of water systems. The framework combines a fast-solvable optimisation model (a quadratic program) with evaluation and realignment by a detailed hydrological-hydrodynamic model. The flexibility of the MPC framework is highlighted by two case studies: (1) a large-scale river system with several weeks of travel time, and (2) an urban storm and wastewater system with a concentration time of about half an hour to one hour. Both case studies demonstrate a large potential for improving operations by system-wide real-time optimisation.

scholarly journals Applying resilience concepts to inland river system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Chambers ◽  
Waleska Echevarria-Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
River System ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Us Army ◽  
Inland River ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Inland Rivers

As environmental uncertainty increases, incorporating resilience into project assessments, research recommendations, and future plans is becoming even more critical. This US Army Engineer Research and Development Center special report (SR) demonstrates how the concepts of resilience can be applied in a uniform framework and illustrates this framework through existing case studies on large inland river systems. This SR presents the concepts of resilience in inland river systems, the application of these concepts across disciplines, basic parameters of a resilience assessment, and the challenges and opportunities available for incorporating a more holistic approach to understanding resilience of the US Army Corps of Engineers mission areas on inland rivers. Finally, these concepts are demonstrated in several case studies in the United States to exemplify how these parameters have been applied to improve the overall performance of the system.

scholarly journals Controls on fluvial systems in the Siwalik Neogene and Wyoming Paleogene

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 315-315
Author(s):  
Brian J. Willis ◽  
Anna Kay Behrensmeyer ◽  
Thomas M. Bown ◽  
Mary Kraus ◽  
John S. Bridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
River System ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Bighorn Basin ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
River Systems ◽  
Fluvial Systems ◽  
Mountain Belts ◽  
Siwalik Group

The 3-km thick Neogene Siwalik Group (Himalayan foredeep in northern Pakistan) and the 2-km thick Paleogene Fort Union/Willwood Formations (Bighorn Basin, Wyoming) both preserve long records of fluvial deposition adjacent to rising mountain belts. Depositional environments and associated habitats change with spatially varying physiography and deposition by river systems that may differ greatly in size, sediment loads, depositional rates, drainage of adjacent floodplains, and taphonomy of organic remains. At times, some environments may not be preserved; for example, avulsion of channels to low areas removes more deposits of channel-distal environments as avulsions increase relative to net sediment aggradation rates. Recognition of such large-scale biases is important because they represent time scales over which long term paleoecological change is reconstructed, and requires knowledge of how drainage systems changed in time and space within these evolving basins.The Siwalik Group was deposited by large rivers that filled a basin extending at least 1000 km along its axis and 150–250 km away from the mountain front. Despite the scale of these rivers relative to Siwalik exposures, transitions between different fluvial systems have been recognized. For example, a 1-km thick sequence bridging the boundary between Chinji and Nagri formations records displacement of a smaller river system (width < 2 km; depth 5-10 m; discharge 1000-1500 m3/s) by a larger system (width <5 km; depth 15-30 m; discharge at least 5,000-10,000 m3/s), with an associated upsection increase (30 to 70%) in the proportion of channel sandstones, increased mean sediment accumulation rates (150 to 300 m/my), decrease in poorly drained floodplain deposits and well developed paleosols, marked decrease in abundance of faunal remains, and a major change in faunal composition. Stratigraphically higher (Dhok Pathan Fm.), there is a lateral transition between deposits of dissimilar, coeval river systems with corresponding differences in local paleoenvironments and vertebrate taphonomy. Although upsection changes in environments and vertebrate faunas may generally reflect extrabasinal controls such as tectonism and climate change, our studies emphasize the importance of recognizing deposits from different contemporaneous river systems before inferring such large-scale controls on paleoenvironmental change through time.The Bighorn Basin is an intermountain foreland basin extending 200 km along its axis and about 80 km across. A large portion of this basin is exposed, and thus it is possible to reconstruct the distribution of river systems and the spatial paleoenvironments in more detail than in the Siwaliks. The Bighorn Basin was traversed along its axis by an early Eocene, north-south flowing river that was joined by smaller rivers flowing transverse to the axis. The proportion of channel sandstones decreases upsection (50 to 25%) from the Fort Union to the Willwood Fm. The proportion of channel sandstones and the abundance of well developed paleosols decrease with increasing net sediment aggradation rates. Although channel deposits are concentrated along the basin axis in a more complex way in some stratigraphic intervals, it is unclear to what extent these changes reflect deposition by different rivers versus extrinsically controlled changes within individual river systems.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals Methodology for Increasing the Efficiency of Dynamic Process Calculations in Elastic Elements of Complex Engineering Constructions

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Andriy Andrukhiv ◽  
Maria Sokil ◽  
Solomiia Fedushko ◽  
Yuriy Syerov ◽  
Yaryna Kalambet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Homogeneous Medium ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Analytical Relationship ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Vibration Displacement ◽  
Complex Engineering ◽  
Elastic Elements

This study deals with a methodology for increasing the efficiency of dynamic process calculations in elastic elements of complex engineering constructions. We studied the complex dynamic processes in a simple engineering construction, a mechanical system of an elastic body–continuous flow of homogeneous medium. The developed methodology is based on the use of a priori information on some of the vibrations forms, the construction of a “simplified” mathematical model of system dynamics, and the obtaining of an analytical relationship that describe the overall range of factors on the elastic vibrations of system. The methodology is used for cases of complex vibrations of elastic bodies, and the obtained results can serve as a basis for choosing the main technological and operational parameters of elastic elements of mechanisms and machines that perform complex vibrations. The results obtained in this work are the basis for calculating the blast effect on the elements of protective structures in order to increase their protective capacity by improving the method of their attachment or by using additional reinforcement, buff load effects on the elements of drilling strings and dynamic processes that occur during surface strengthening by work hardening in order to avoid resonance phenomena, and technological processes of vibration displacement or vibration separation of granular media.

scholarly journals Modeling regional impacts and resilience to water service disruptions in urban economies

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832199870
Author(s):  
Sheree A Pagsuyoin ◽  
Joost R Santos
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Impact

Water is a critical natural resource that sustains the productivity of many economic sectors, whether directly or indirectly. Climate change alongside rapid growth and development are a threat to water sustainability and regional productivity. In this paper, we develop an extension to the economic input-output model to assess the impact of water supply disruptions to regional economies. The model utilizes the inoperability variable, which measures the extent to which an infrastructure system or economic sector is unable to deliver its intended output. While the inoperability concept has been utilized in previous applications, this paper offers extensions that capture the time-varying nature of inoperability as the sectors recover from a disruptive event, such as drought. The model extension is capable of inserting inoperability adjustments within the drought timeline to capture time-varying likelihoods and severities, as well as the dependencies of various economic sectors on water. The model was applied to case studies of severe drought in two regions: (1) the state of Massachusetts (MA) and (2) the US National Capital Region (NCR). These regions were selected to contrast drought resilience between a mixed urban–rural region (MA) and a highly urban region (NCR). These regions also have comparable overall gross domestic products despite significant differences in the distribution and share of the economic sectors comprising each region. The results of the case studies indicate that in both regions, the utility and real estate sectors suffer the largest economic loss; nonetheless, results also identify region-specific sectors that incur significant losses. For the NCR, three sectors in the top 10 ranking of highest economic losses are government-related, whereas in the MA, four sectors in the top 10 are manufacturing sectors. Furthermore, the accommodation sector has also been included in the NCR case intuitively because of the high concentration of museums and famous landmarks. In contrast, the Wholesale Trade sector was among the sectors with the highest economic losses in the MA case study because of its large geographic size conducive for warehouses used as nodes for large-scale supply chain networks. Future modeling extensions could potentially include analysis of water demand and supply management strategies that can enhance regional resilience against droughts. Other regional case studies can also be pursued in future efforts to analyze various categories of drought severity beyond the case studies featured in this paper.

scholarly journals Hydrology influences breeding time in the white-throated dipper

BMC Ecology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. K. Nilsson ◽  
Thomas Skaugen ◽  
Trond Reitan ◽  
Jan Henning L’Abée-Lund ◽  
Marlène Gamelon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Window ◽  
River System ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Breeding Time

Abstract Background Earlier breeding is one of the strongest responses to global change in birds and is a key factor determining reproductive success. In most studies of climate effects, the focus has been on large-scale environmental indices or temperature averaged over large geographical areas, neglecting that animals are affected by the local conditions in their home ranges. In riverine ecosystems, climate change is altering the flow regime, in addition to changes resulting from the increasing demand for renewable and clean hydropower. Together with increasing temperatures, this can lead to shifts in the time window available for successful breeding of birds associated with the riverine habitat. Here, we investigated specifically how the environmental conditions at the territory level influence timing of breeding in a passerine bird with an aquatic lifestyle, the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus. We relate daily river discharge and other important hydrological parameters, to a long-term dataset of breeding phenology (1978–2015) in a natural river system. Results Dippers bred earlier when winter river discharge and groundwater levels in the weeks prior to breeding were high, and when there was little snow in the catchment area. Breeding was also earlier at lower altitudes, although the effect dramatically declined over the period. This suggests that territories at higher altitudes had more open water in winter later in the study period, which permitted early breeding also here. Unexpectedly, the largest effect inducing earlier breeding time was territory river discharge during the winter months and not immediately prior to breeding. The territory river discharge also increased during the study period. Conclusions The observed earlier breeding can thus be interpreted as a response to climate change. Measuring environmental variation at the scale of the territory thus provides detailed information about the interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment.

scholarly journals Exploiting Proximity-Based Mobile Apps for Large-Scale Location Privacy Probing

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhao ◽  
Xiapu Luo ◽  
Xiaobo Ma ◽  
Bo Bai ◽  
Yankang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Location Privacy ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Typical Type ◽  
Location Spoofing

Proximity-based apps have been changing the way people interact with each other in the physical world. To help people extend their social networks, proximity-based nearby-stranger (NS) apps that encourage people to make friends with nearby strangers have gained popularity recently. As another typical type of proximity-based apps, some ridesharing (RS) apps allowing drivers to search nearby passengers and get their ridesharing requests also become popular due to their contribution to economy and emission reduction. In this paper, we concentrate on the location privacy of proximity-based mobile apps. By analyzing the communication mechanism, we find that many apps of this type are vulnerable to large-scale location spoofing attack (LLSA). We accordingly propose three approaches to performing LLSA. To evaluate the threat of LLSA posed to proximity-based mobile apps, we perform real-world case studies against an NS app named Weibo and an RS app called Didi. The results show that our approaches can effectively and automatically collect a huge volume of users’ locations or travel records, thereby demonstrating the severity of LLSA. We apply the LLSA approaches against nine popular proximity-based apps with millions of installations to evaluate the defense strength. We finally suggest possible countermeasures for the proposed attacks.

Drama and Environment: Joining Forces to Engage Children and Young People in Environmental Education

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Curtis ◽  
Mark Howden ◽  
Fran Curtis ◽  
Ian McColm ◽  
Juliet Scrine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
School Based ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Theatre Company ◽  
Theatre In Education

AbstractEngaging and exciting students about the environment remains a challenge in contemporary society, even while objective measures show the rapid state of the world's environment declining. To illuminate the integration of drama and environmental education as a means of engaging students in environmental issues, the work of performance companies Evergreen Theatre, Leapfish and Eaton Gorge Theatre Company, the ecological oratorio Plague and the Moonflower, and a school-based trial of play-building were examined through survey data and participant observations. These case studies employed drama in different ways — theatre-in-education, play-building, and large-scale performance event. The four case studies provide quantitative and qualitative evidence for drama-based activities leading to an improvement in knowledge about the environment and understandings about the consequences of one's actions. In observing and participating in these case studies, we reflect that drama is a means of synthesising and presenting scientific research in ways that are creative and multi-layered, and which excite students, helping maintain their attention and facilitating their engagement.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document