scholarly journals Load Management in Distribution Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Azuatalam
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Load Management ◽  
North East ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
The Uk

Load management is a top concern for utilities all over the world as the total electricity consumption in most countries continues to rise. Current DECC forecasts suggest a 60% rise in the total electricity demand in the UK between the years 2030 and 2050 due to the high uptake of heat pumps and electric vehicles. Since major nuclear plants that supports base load in the UK are scheduled to shut down in ten years time due to their end of life, there will definitely be a need for extra generating capacity if this trend continues and existing loads are not well managed. Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) has proved productive in North East Utilities in the US to reduce peak demand and provide energy savings, and similar savings can be achieved in the UK. This may help defer the need for extra generating capacity and provide environmental savings. The power flow simulations carried out in this work was to estimate the demand savings on UK type residential feeders in terms of the CVR factor. The analysis showed that the CVR factor is sensitive to temporal variations in load. The amount of savings realizable through CVR depends on the composition of loads on the feeder and the season effected.

The Heat beneath Our Feet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van Hunen ◽  
Charlotte Adams ◽  
Jon Gluyas ◽  
Jonty de la Harpe ◽  
Karina Hastie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
North East ◽  
The Uk

<p>While coal energy is phased out to decarbonise our energy supply, the water within flooded abandoned mines provide a huge source (2.2 million GWh) of geothermal heat for the future, enough to meet the UK’s heating demand for more than a century. The mine water is only lukewarm (12-20<sup>o</sup>C), but by using a heat pump, temperatures can be increased to a more comfortable 40-50<sup>o</sup>C. Heat pumps need electricity, but for every kW of electrical input, the heat output is 3-4 kW, making this an efficient energy source. Research has shown that our abandoned mines could meet our heat demands for a century or more, and will deliver economic opportunities to former mining areas.</p><p>After abstraction of water from the mine and subsequent heat extraction , the mine water is returned to the subsurface to avoid surface water contamination. Understanding the subsurface to ensure the right location(s) for re-injection of the water is crucial for the thermal evolution of the mine system. In addition, mine water could interact with nearby (potable) aquifers, so a proper understanding of the hydrogeological behaviour of the mined system is required. Therefore, numerical modelling of mine water and surrounding groundwater flow and associated heat exchange is an essential first stage for the successful deployment of these geothermal mine energy systems.</p><p>Here, we present numerical modelling results of the thermal evolution of mine water circulation systems. A parameter sensitivity study gives insight in the rate of heat depletion of the mines, and the importance of several model parameters, such as mine tunnel connectivity, mine water flow speed, and water re-injection location.</p><p>This project involves collaboration with the Coal Authority and Durham county council in the UK. Available mine plan data offer opportunities to apply the modelling to proposed mine energy sites across coalfields in the UK and further afield. Results will be applied for planned geothermal energy sites at Stanley (county Durham), South Tyneside and Blyth Port in north-east England.</p>

scholarly journals Energy conservation challenges and potential in Russia’s North-East region

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
A.S. Semenov ◽  
Yu.V. Bebikhov ◽  
S.N. Pavlova ◽  
I.A. Yakushev ◽  
O.V. Fedorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

The paper discusses challenges and a potential of fuel and energy savings in one of the republics of the North-Eastern region of the Russian Federation. The authors show the challenges of energyand heatsaving, with due account too particular features of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), which include: inconsistency of the actual operating conditions of the equipment with the requirements of regulatory documents in force; problems in supplying the consumers in the decentralized zone. The region’s goals in the segment of energy saving are determined. A detailed assessment of energy-saving potential in the electricity, thermal and fuel saving sectors is carried out. Energy saving is achieved mainly by reducing the losses in general-purpose utility networks, when switching to energy-saving lighting devices, as well as by reducing electricity consumption rate for water pumping, supply and sewage disposal. Heat energy savings can primarily be achieved only by reducing losses in heating services’ networks. Considerable fuel savings can be obtained by reducing the fuel consumption rate in boiler houses and diesel-run power plants. The results show high potential for energy savings in the region. Energyand fuel-intensive activities alone could save the estimated 1 million TOE every year.

scholarly journals Identifying the Lack of Energy-Conscious Behaviour in Clinical and Non-Clinical Settings: An NHS Case Study

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 2468
Author(s):  
Ahmad Taha ◽  
Tim Hopthrow ◽  
Ruiheng Wu ◽  
Neil Adams ◽  
Jessica Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
The Uk

The race against climate change has been a great challenge for years, and the UK government has taken serious steps towards achieving the net-zero carbon target by 2050. Technology is leading the way and innovation is believed to be a key solution. Nevertheless, tackling the issue, by attempting to limit the waste in energy, due to negative energy usage behaviour, has proven to be a successful approach that is capable of complementing other technology-based initiatives. The first step towards this is to promote energy-conscious behaviour and pinpoint where savings can be made. Thereby, this paper contributes to the existing literature, by presenting a new methodology to identify potential energy waste and negative energy usage behaviour in an NHS hospital. The paper presents an analysis of electricity consumption vs occupancy during minimal consumption periods (i.e, bank holidays and weekends) and it presents a log of equipment left switched on outside of working hours, in order to highlight the level of energy-conscious behaviour. The results revealed that the proposed technique is not only able to identify negative energy usage behaviour amongst the hospital staff but helps identify areas where immediate energy savings can be made, with potential savings of more than 30,000 pounds, if action is taken.

Saving Primary Energy Consumption Through Exergy Analysis of Combine Distillation and Power Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Alhassan Salami Tijani ◽  
Nazri Mohammed ◽  
Werner Witt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Distillation Unit ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption

Industrial heat pumps are heat-recovery systems that allow the temperature ofwaste-heat stream to be increased to a higher, more efficient temperature. Consequently, heat pumps can improve energy efficiency in industrial processes as well as energy savings when conventional passive-heat recovery is not possible. In this paper, possible ways of saving energy in the chemical industry are considered, the objective is to reduce the primary energy (such as coal) consumption of power plant. Particularly the thermodynamic analyses ofintegrating backpressure turbine ofa power plant with distillation units have been considered. Some practical examples such as conventional distillation unit and heat pump are used as a means of reducing primary energy consumption with tangible indications of energy savings. The heat pump distillation is operated via electrical power from the power plant. The exergy efficiency ofthe primary fuel is calculated for different operating range ofthe heat pump distillation. This is then compared with a conventional distillation unit that depends on saturated steam from a power plant as the source of energy. The results obtained show that heat pump distillation is an economic way to save energy if the temperaturedifference between the overhead and the bottom is small. Based on the result, the energy saved by the application of a heat pump distillation is improved compared to conventional distillation unit.

scholarly journals Optimal Integration of Photovoltaic Sources in Distribution Networks for Daily Energy Losses Minimization Using the Vortex Search Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4418
Author(s):  
Alejandra Paz-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Felipe Castro-Ordoñez ◽  
Oscar Danilo Montoya ◽  
Diego Armando Giral-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Continuous Version ◽  
Continuous Section ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Discrete Part

This paper deals with the optimal siting and sizing problem of photovoltaic (PV) generators in electrical distribution networks considering daily load and generation profiles. It proposes the discrete-continuous version of the vortex search algorithm (DCVSA) to locate and size the PV sources where the discrete part of the codification defines the nodes. Renewable generators are installed in these nodes, and the continuous section determines their optimal sizes. In addition, through the successive approximation power flow method, the objective function of the optimization model is obtained. This objective function is related to the minimization of the daily energy losses. This method allows determining the power losses in each period for each renewable generation input provided by the DCVSA (i.e., location and sizing of the PV sources). Numerical validations in the IEEE 33- and IEEE 69-bus systems demonstrate that: (i) the proposed DCVSA finds the optimal global solution for both test feeders when the location and size of the PV generators are explored, considering the peak load scenario. (ii) In the case of the daily operative scenario, the total reduction of energy losses for both test feeders are 23.3643% and 24.3863%, respectively; and (iii) the DCVSA presents a better numerical performance regarding the objective function value when compared with the BONMIN solver in the GAMS software, which demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed master-slave optimization algorithm.

scholarly journals Stochastic Expansion Planning of Various Energy Storage Technologies in Active Power Distribution Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5752
Author(s):  
Reza Sabzehgar ◽  
Diba Zia Amirhosseini ◽  
Saeed D. Manshadi ◽  
Poria Fajri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
Second Order Cone ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
The Cost

This work aims to minimize the cost of installing renewable energy resources (photovoltaic systems) as well as energy storage systems (batteries), in addition to the cost of operation over a period of 20 years, which will include the cost of operating the power grid and the charging and discharging of the batteries. To this end, we propose a long-term planning optimization and expansion framework for a smart distribution network. A second order cone programming (SOCP) algorithm is utilized in this work to model the power flow equations. The minimization is computed in accordance to the years (y), seasons (s), days of the week (d), time of the day (t), and different scenarios based on the usage of energy and its production (c). An IEEE 33-bus balanced distribution test bench is utilized to evaluate the performance, effectiveness, and reliability of the proposed optimization and forecasting model. The numerical studies are conducted on two of the highest performing batteries in the current market, i.e., Lithium-ion (Li-ion) and redox flow batteries (RFBs). In addition, the pros and cons of distributed Li-ion batteries are compared with centralized RFBs. The results are presented to showcase the economic profits of utilizing these battery technologies.

scholarly journals Optimal Sizing and Placement of Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Genetic Algorithm

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-204
Author(s):  
Gian Giuseppe Soma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Capacitor Banks ◽  
Control Pattern ◽  
Definition Of

Nowadays, response to electricity consumption growth is mainly supported by efficiency; therefore, this is the new main goal in the development of electric distribution networks, which must fully comply with the system’s constraints. In recent decades, the issue of independent reactive power services, including the optimal placement of capacitors in the grid due to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the creation of a competitive electricity market, has received attention from related companies. In this context, a genetic algorithm is proposed for optimal planning of capacitor banks. A case study derived from a real network, considering the application of suitable daily profiles for loads and generators, to obtain a better representation of the electrical conditions, is discussed in the present paper. The results confirmed that some placement solutions can be obtained with a good compromise between costs and benefits; the adopted benefits are energy losses and power factor infringements, taking into account the network technical limits. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of capacitor banks in distribution systems, with the definition of a suitable control pattern, have been proved.

scholarly journals Optimal Selection of Conductors in Three-Phase Distribution Networks Using a Discrete Version of the Vortex Search Algorithm

Computation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
John Fernando Martínez-Gil ◽  
Nicolas Alejandro Moyano-García ◽  
Oscar Danilo Montoya ◽  
Jorge Alexander Alarcon-Villamil
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Discrete Version ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Selection Of

In this study, a new methodology is proposed to perform optimal selection of conductors in three-phase distribution networks through a discrete version of the metaheuristic method of vortex search. To represent the problem, a single-objective mathematical model with a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) structure is used. As an objective function, minimization of the investment costs in conductors together with the technical losses of the network for a study period of one year is considered. Additionally, the model will be implemented in balanced and unbalanced test systems and with variations in the connection of their loads, i.e., Δ− and Y−connections. To evaluate the costs of the energy losses, a classical backward/forward three-phase power-flow method is implemented. Two test systems used in the specialized literature were employed, which comprise 8 and 27 nodes with radial structures in medium voltage levels. All computational implementations were developed in the MATLAB programming environment, and all results were evaluated in DigSILENT software to verify the effectiveness and the proposed three-phase unbalanced power-flow method. Comparative analyses with classical and Chu & Beasley genetic algorithms, tabu search algorithm, and exact MINLP approaches demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization approach regarding the final value of the objective function.

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