scholarly journals Generation I and Generation II Elastomeric Chains Characteristics Comparison in Artificial Saliva Immersion

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Icha Aisya Subroto ◽  
Anindita Permata Hardarini Putri ◽  
Leliana Sandra Devi Ade Putri ◽  
Lusi Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Orthodontic Force ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chain Force ◽  
Cie Lab ◽  
Elastomeric Chains ◽  
Research Period ◽  
Color Reader

Objective: To determine the force decay and discoloration in Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chain on artificial saliva immersion. Material and methods: Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains stretched on an acrylic board and immersed in artificial saliva for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days according to the group of days. On each specified day, the force of each sample measured by an orthodontic force gauge and the magnitude of the force obtained is entered to the formula to find out the force decay in percentage, whereas discoloration of each sample analyzed by the color reader with CIE Lab analysis. Results: The force decay between Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains showed a statistically significant difference in every group of days, in which Generation II is more effective in maintaining stretch force. Similar to force decay, the discoloration in Generation I elastomeric chains on the 14th day showed significant value and Generation II elastomeric chains were more stable in maintaining color compared to Generation I. Conclusions: over the entire research period time, Generation II elastomeric chains are more stable in maintaining stretch forces and color compared to Generation I elastomeric chains. KEYWORDS Discoloration; Elastomeric chain; Force decay; Generation I; Generation II.

The Environmental Influence of Light Coke™, Phosphoric Acid, and Citric Acid on Elastomeric Chains

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Teixeira ◽  
Betina do Rosário Pereira ◽  
Thais Gelatti Bortoly ◽  
João Armando Brancher ◽  
Odilon Guariza-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

Abstract Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of Light Coke™, phosphoric acid, and citric acid on the force decline pattern of two types of elastomeric chains. Methods and Materials One hundred sixty gray colored elastomeric chain modules, 80 Chainette (GAC) and 80 Sunburst™ (GAC) chains, were divided into four groups for immersion into Light Coke, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and artificial saliva. The initial stretched force of the elastomeric chains ranged from 220gf to 250gf. During the experiment, all elastomeric chains were kept immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C (pH≈6.24) to simulate the oral environment. To simulate daily consumption of Light Coke, the elastomeric chains were immersed in the solutions twice a day for 15 minutes. The control group was kept immersed in artificial saliva continuously with no further treatment. Force (gf) was measured with a Dial-Type dynamometer (Dentaurum®), initially (baseline), 24 hours, 7, 14, and 21 days. Data were analyzed using the Tukey test at a 5% level of probability. Results A statistically significant reduction on the force produced by the elastomeric chains was seen at different time points. The greatest reduction in force occurred in the first 24 hours (p=0.01). Conclusion Force decay of the Chainette elastomeric chains were lower than the Sunburst™ chain (p<0.05). The immersion treatments caused no statistically significant difference in force for either chain module (p>0.05). Clinical Significance Good elastomeric chain properties are necessary for effective tooth movement, and knowledge of force-decay rates is an important factor in achieving the best orthodontic outcome. Citation Teixeira L, Pereira BP, Bortoly TG, Brancher JA, Tanaka OM, Guariza-Filho O. The Environmental Influence of Light Coke™, Phosphoric Acid, and Citric Acid on Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 November; (9)7:017-024.

scholarly journals Effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Erliera Sufarnap ◽  
Kholidina Imanda Harahap ◽  
Terry Terry
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

Introduction: Orthodontic elastomeric chain is polyurethane elastomer that is widely used among orthodontists due to its functions. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are listed in mouthwash composition which could affect the mechanical properties of the elastomeric chain. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwashes on force decay and permanent deformation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Methods: This research is an experimental analytic laboratory with pretest-posttest control group design. 150 samples of orthodontic chains were divided into three groups. Group 1: artificial saliva (control group); Group 2: 0,1% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX); Group 3: 0,1% chlorhexidine digluconate with sodium fluoride solution (CHX-NaF). The orthodontic elastomeric chain was stretched and maintained at a standardized distance equivalent to a force of 300 g. The measurement of force decay and permanent deformation were performed with digital force gauge and digital caliper (0.01mm) at intervals of the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Results: The force decay and permanent deformation of the elastomeric chain compared between three groups (control, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash) showed did not have any significantly different (p-value>0,05) at the first, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days, respectively. Conclusion: Sodium fluoride in chlorhexidine mouthwash showing no significant difference among saliva, CHX mouthwash and CHX+NaF mouthwash on force decay and permanent deformation of elastomeric chain.

Effects of Different Commercially Available Mouth Rinses on The Force Degradation of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Halima Mohammed Hassan ◽  
Anees Mahmood Mudhir
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mouth Wash ◽  
And Control ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

Aim of the study: To evaluate the effects of different commercial type of mouthwashes on the force decay of the orthodontic elastomeric chain. Materials and methods: two hundred pieces of the elastomeric chains with two different configurations were divided into five groups (one control group and four different mouthwashes groups). after one-day immersion in artificial saliva then immersion in the specific mouthwashes (kin, Vitis, perio_aid, splat) for one minute twice daily and time intervals after 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 then washed and kept in artificial saliva at 37°C again. Force decay was calculated by Instron measured, digital force gauge - Instron universal testing machine then compared different force decay of elastic types. Results: A significant difference was found among between the four types of mouth wash and control group, according to close and short elastic chain the kin mouth wash was shows a significant difference (0.002), while splat mouthwash was shown a no significant difference. Conclusion: splat mouth wash groups showed no significant influence on the force degradation of the chain elastics tested. Kin mouthwash exhibit the highest force decay and found different significant effects.

scholarly journals An in vitro comparison of the force decay generated by different commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Soares Santos ◽  
André Tortamano ◽  
Sandra Regina Frazatto Naccarato ◽  
Gladys Cristina Dominguez-Rodriguez ◽  
Julio Wilson Vigorito
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Original Length ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Decay Pattern ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Initial Force ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

This in vitro study was designed to compare the forces generated by commercially available elastomeric chains and NiTi closed coil springs, and to determine their force decay pattern. Forty elastomeric chains and forty NiTi closed coil springs were divided into 4 groups according to the following manufacturers: (1) Morelli®, (2) Abzil®, (3) TP Orthodontics® and (4) American Orthodontics®. The specimens were extended to twice their original length and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C. Initial force was measured by means of an Instron universal testing machine and then at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results revealed that the elastomeric chains delivered a mean initial force of 347 g for Morelli®, 351 g for American Orthodontics®, 402 g for Abzil®, and 404 g for TP Orthodontics®. The NiTi closed coil springs generated a mean initial force of 196 g for American Orthodontics®, 208 g for TP Orthodontics®, 216 g for Abzil®, and 223 g for Morelli®. The mean percentage of force decay observed after 28 days for the elastomeric chains was 37.4% for TP Orthodontics®, 48.1% for American Orthodontics®, 65.4% for Morelli®, and 71.6% for Abzil®. After 28 days, the NiTi closed coil springs presented a mean percentage of force decay of 22.6% for American Orthodontics®, 29.8% for Abzil®, 30.6% for Morelli®, and 45.8% for TP Orthodontics®. At the end of the study, significant differences were observed between the elastomeric chains and the NiTi closed coil springs. The results indicated that the studied NiTi closed coil springs are more adequate for dental movement than the elastomeric chains.

Elastomeric chain force decay in artificial saliva: An in vitro study

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelali Halimi ◽  
Mohamed-Faouzi Azeroual ◽  
Anas Doukkali ◽  
Khalid El Mabrouk ◽  
Fatima Zaoui
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Chain Force

scholarly journals The effect of alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash towards the power chains force decay

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Santana ◽  
Bergman Thahar ◽  
Endah Mardiati ◽  
Jono Salim
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Device

Introduction: Power chains is the common device used in fixed orthodontic treatment. Force decay in power chains is a problem that can affect the teeth movement due to a continuous force cannot be maintained. Force decay in power chain can be affected by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwash or alcohol-free mouthwash. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alcoholic-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and artificial saliva towards the power chains force decay. Methods: This research was an experimental analytic laboratory in-vitro with the comparative approach. The sample in this study were 40 power chain, short A (SA); 40 power chain, short B (SB); 40 power chain, long A (LA); and 40 power chain, long B (LB), which divided into 5 groups that were consecutively exposed to the artificial saliva as control group; Minosep® with 0.1% of chlorhexidine gluconate; Listerine® with 0% of alcohol; Hexadol® with 9% of alcohol; and Listerine® with 26.9% of alcohol. The measurement of force decay was performed with digital force gauge on day 0, 1, 14, and 28. The statistical analysis was done by using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Result: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the force decay of power chain that exposed to the alcohol-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and the artificial saliva. Conclusion: The force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-containing mouthwash was higher compared to the force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-free mouthwash and an artificial saliva.

scholarly journals Force Decay Characteristics of commonly used Elastomeric Chains on Exposure to various Mouth Rinses with different Alcohol Concentration: An in vitro Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 812-820
Author(s):  
M Mohamed Ramees ◽  
Esther A Abraham ◽  
KK Manjusha ◽  
A Nishad ◽  
S Ramachandraiah
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Alcohol Mixture ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to test the effect of varying alcohol concentrations of various commercially available mouthwashes on force decay of elastomeric chains in prestretched and unstretched condition. Materials and methods A total of five specimen groups were tested with a total sample size of 180 specimens. A specimen is described as a three-link, short module, clear elastomeric chain (3M Unitek, Ortho Plus, Ortho Organizer). The control and test groups were independently submerged in separate 37°C artificial saliva to simulate the oral conditions. Effects of different solution groups and time (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) on three different elastomeric chains and force (cN) are analyzed with two-way analysis of variance; pair-wise comparisons are done by t-test. Results Higher mean force was recorded initially followed by 24 hours >7 days >14 days >21 days and 28 days respectively. The difference in mean force decay among the different time intervals was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Among the different solutions, higher mean force was recorded in 21.6% alcohol mixture > Listerine 8.38% > Wokadine > alcohol mixture 8.38% > artificial saliva. Conclusion In conclusion, alcohol-containing mouth rinses cause an increase in force decay of elastomeric chain over time. Clinical significance These mouth rinses are commonly recommended during orthodontic treatment. The orthodontist can know better that the alcohol content of the mouth rinses and the structural and molecular modification results in the decay of elastomeric chain. How to cite this article Ramachandraiah S, Sridharan K, Nishad A, Manjusha KK, Abraham EA, Ramees MM. Force Decay Characteristics of commonly used Elastomeric Chains on Exposure to various Mouth Rinses with different Alcohol Concentration: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):812-820.

scholarly journals The effect of toothpastes with bleaching agents on the force decay of elastomeric orthodontic chains

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Behnaz ◽  
Kazem Dalaie ◽  
Sepanta Hosseinpour ◽  
Fatemeh Namvar ◽  
Leila Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Water Solution ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Initial Time Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of agents available in whitening toothpastes (Crest® and Sensodyne®) in vitro on the force decay of elastomeric chains used in orthodontics. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 specimens of elastomeric chains were divided into five groups (n = 60) and were evaluated. These groups included (1) the regular Crest® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (2) whitening Crest® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (3) regular Sensodyne® toothpaste and distilled water solution, (4) whitening Sensodyne® toothpaste and distilled water solution, and (5) distilled water as a control group. The samples' force was measured using Instron at intervals of 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: At the initial time point, the difference in the force values of elastomeric chain between any of the groups was not significant (P > 0.05). On the 1st day, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between all groups except the groups of whitening Crest®, regular, and whitening Sensodyne® (P > 0.05). On days 7, 14, and 28, the rate of decline for all groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results obtained in the present study, it seems that toothpastes without whitening agents have less effect on force decay of elastomeric chain over time.

scholarly journals Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Behnaz ◽  
Fatemeh Namvar ◽  
Setareh Sohrabi ◽  
Mina Parishanian
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Elastomeric Chains

ABSTRACT Introduction Force decay elastomeric chains are significant, and it is a clinical problem. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching agent in the mouthwash on the force decay of orthodontic chains. Materials and methods In this experimental study, 160 gray closed elastomeric chains were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two test groups). Four loops of chains were stretched for 25 mm on custom-made jig. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva during the test period. Test group specimens were immersed twice a day for 30 seconds in the whitening (LISTERINE® HEALTHY WHITE™) and daily sodium fluoride (LISTERINE® TOTAL CARE ZERO) mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Force was measured at different time points (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni methods (α = 0.05). Results Force of elastomeric chains was decreased dramatically in all groups during the experiment. After 24 hours, force was decreased by 42.18, 48.34, and 53.38% in control group, daily, and bleaching mouthwash groups respectively. The corresponding numbers after 4 weeks were 66.30, 76.73, and 86.48. The difference between three groups at days 1 and 28 was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, bleaching and sodium fluoride mouthwashes could cause force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Whitening mouthwash is more weakening for elastomeric chains. Clinical significance Use of whitening mouthwash by orthodontic patients could decrease the force of elastomeric chains, so it could be recommended to use them for a short time. How to cite this article Behnaz M, Namvar F, Sohrabi S, Parishanian M. Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):221-225.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of force degradation of elastomeric chains used in Orthodontics

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Weissheimer ◽  
Arno Locks ◽  
Luciane Macedo de Menezes ◽  
Adriano Ferreti Borgatto ◽  
Carla D'Agostini Derech
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Initial Force ◽  
Elastomeric Chains ◽  
Over Time

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the in vitro force degradation of four different brands of elastomeric chains: American Orthodontics, Morelli, Ormco and TP Orthodontics. METHODS: The sample consisted of 80 gray elastomeric chains that were divided into four groups according to their respective manufacturers. Chain stretching was standardized at 21 mm with initial force release ranging from 300 g to 370 g. The samples were kept in artificial saliva at a constant temperature of 37°C and the degradation force was recorded at the following time intervals: initial, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 hours, and 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the force degradation, mainly within the first day, as a force loss of 50-55% was observed during that time in relation to the initial force. The force delivered at 35 days ranged from 122 g to 148 g. CONCLUSION: All groups showed force degradation over time, regardless of their trademarks, a force loss of 59-69% was observed in the first hour compared to baseline. However, because the variation in force degradation depends on the trademark, studies such as the present one are important for guiding the clinical use of these materials.

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