scholarly journals Constitutional Statesmanship: Lord Durham and the Creation of a New Colonial Paradigm, 1839–1841

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Richard W. Pound
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
English Canada ◽  
Traditional Farming ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
French Canada ◽  
Racial Resentment ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Political Leverage ◽  
The Church

No one is fully prescient, Durham included. His Report did not anticipate the degree to which the French Canadians would be unwilling to submerge themselves into a British whole and the role which religion would play in maintaining the distinctive society. But nor did he anticipate the willingness and ability of the two communities to work together to achieve tangible results for the new country, while the underlying racial resentment remained largely intact. Despite eruptions, occasionally violent, fuelled by that resentment, the growth of the country which he envisioned has taken place and the outcome has been beyond what he could have imagined. The full assimilation which he anticipated has not occurred, although French Canada has gradually moved in the direction of urbanization and adoption of commerce at the expense of the traditional farming orientation. The diminution of the Church influence and the increasing adoption of English as the new lingua franca of the world may yet have an impact which cannot be fully estimated. The existence of Quebec within Canada has provided much greater ability and political leverage to maintain the French language than would ever have been possible were Quebec to have existed separately, completely surrounded by the predominantly English-speaking United States and English Canada.

scholarly journals Loyalty and Lobbying: French-Canadian Delegates in London, 1763–1840

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66
Author(s):  
Damien-Claude Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Civic Life ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
French Canada ◽  
English Speaking

This article examines the individuals who came to London in order to lobby the imperial authorities in favour of the expansion of French-Canadian rights from the 1763 Treaty of Paris to the 1840 Act of Union and who were delegated by a significant body or institution within French Canada. Early efforts were centred on the expansion of religious rights and the perpetuation of Quebec’s legal and social institutions, including French civil law and the seigneurial system. Religious affairs remained an important facet of French-Canadian lobbying throughout the British regime, though the issue of political reform, which came to the fore in the 1780s, soon came to dominate lobbying efforts. These efforts were predicated on ideas of loyalty, as delegates sought to negotiate a place within the British Empire for French Canada. They lobbied London to allow French Canadians to fully participate in civic life within the framework of British political institutions while also allowing Quebec to retain its particular religious and social institutions. Delegates experienced some success, especially when they enjoyed the support of the colonial authorities at Quebec, but often failed to achieve their goals because they ran counter to British policy or because their English-speaking opponents had greater access to Whitehall.

History, Eschatology, and the Development of the Six Ages of the World

Augustinianum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-206
Author(s):  
John Joseph Gallagher ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Augustine Of Hippo ◽  
Salvation History ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Church

The sex aetates mundi constituted the defining framework for understanding biblical and salvation history in the Early Christian and Late Antique worlds. The origins of the idea that history can be divided into six epochs, each lasting roughly a thousand years, are commonly attributed to Augustine of Hippo. Although Augustine’s engagement with this notion significantly influenced its later popularity due to the prolific circulation of his works, he was by no means the sole progenitor of this concept. This bipartite study undertakes the first conspectus in English-speaking scholarship to date of the origins and evolution of the sex aetates mundi. Part I of this study traces the early origins of historiographical periodisation in writings from classical and biblical antiquity, taking account in particular of the role of numerology and notions of historical eras that are present in biblical texts. Expressions of the world ages in the writings of the Church Fathers are then traced in detail. Due consideration is afforded to attendant issues that influenced the six ages, including calendrical debates concerning the age of the world and the evolution of eschatological, apocalyptic, and millenarian thought. Overall, this article surveys the myriad intellectual and exegetical currents that converged in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity to create this sixfold historiographical and theological framework. The first instalment of this study lays the groundwork for understanding Augustine’s engagement with this motif in his writings, which is treated in Part II.

Anti-séparatisme et messianisme au Québec depuis 1960

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Latouche
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
French Canada ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Sides

Anti-separatism and messianism in Quebec since 1960Confronted by a political debate now omnipresent in Quebec society, observers have naturally focused their attention – academic or not – on the content and proponents of the “séparatiste” solution to the current Canadian dilemma. Our contention is that it takes two sides to have a debate and that some light could be thrown on the intellectual history of French Canada by reversing the perspective and focusing instead on those who oppose independence for Quebec: the anti-separatists.Although widely diversified as to the specifics of their opposition and as to their own solution to the problem, anti-separatists nevertheless share certain ideological traits in their portrait of the French-Canadian Homus and in the characteristics and roles which they assigned to the French-Canadian collectivity. Individually, French Canadians are judged to be weak, unstable, verbose, and un-democratic; as a collectivity they are perceived as fulfilling all the requirements of a “chosen” people whose mission it is to reconquer Canada through the strength of their intellect and to show the world an example of binational co-operation.This schizophrenic vision of French Canada is hypothesized to be a secularized version of the traditional nationalist vision first enunciated by Garneau and Parent and later developed by Groulx, Barbeau, and others. The persistence of this messianic orientation in the intellectual history of French Canada is tentatively explained through the contributions of the sociology of utopia (French Canada as an aborted utopia) and of the sociology of colonial development (French Canada as a colonial society).

Les conceptions américaine, canadienne-anglaise et canadienne-française de l'idée d'égalité

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edouard Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
English Canada ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
French Canada ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Numerical Equality ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Egalitarian Theory

The purpose of this research is to confirm that there are different conceptions of equality in the United States, English Canada, and French Canada.Beginning with the Aristotelian distinction between numerical equality and proportional equality, the article establishes first a typology for the concept of equality. A review of the literature on the subject reveals that Americans and English Canadians can be said to be partial to proportional equality while French Canadians favour numerical equality.It is then demonstrated that Von Neumann's and Morgenstern's theory of games can be interpreted as an egalitarian theory since the non-discriminatory solution proposed by Von Neumann and Morgenstern corresponds exactly to a proportional division of the stakes according to the strategic importance given to each of the players by the characteristic function of the game.A series of tests conducted in Quebec and the US and utilizing a three-party game invented by Riker reveals that French Canadians take a numerical-egalitarian stance while Americans and English Canadians play according to a proportional-egalitarian model.Finally, the results are analysed to try to find the possible reasons for the difference.

scholarly journals Scepticism and Faith in the Philosophy of Pascal

1916 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-83
Author(s):  
Norman Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Experimental Physicist ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The Church

The neglect of Pascal by the English-speaking world today is little short of amazing. Within the last decade France has produced literally scores of studies of his life and thought; but, with the exception of a book by St. Cyres and an essay by Paul Elmer More, there has been scarcely a sign that we were conscious of any special relation between the spirit of our own age and that of this seventeenth-century genius. Yet Pascal is indeed a man of the present, and a study of his multiplex personality has never been more pertinent than it is today. Geometrician, experimental physicist, biting satirist, literary artist, keen-sighted moralist, devout believer, philosophical sceptic, man of the world, ascetic recluse, the problem of the balance and inter-relation of these selves is still waiting a completely satisfactory solution. How was it that the geometrician and experimental physicist could be a pronounced supernaturalist? How was it that the almost cynical man of the world could become the devout recluse? What relation can we find between the sceptical doubt of the possibility of knowledge and the obedient acceptance of the dogmas of the church? With what consistency could the rationalistic critic of Jesuit morality be the challenger of all philosophic creeds? How could all these conflicting interests keep house together in the same frail tenement and present the semblance of a unified life? Perhaps they could not, and his death in his fortieth year was the outcome.

Ontario’s Alleged Fanaticism in the Riel Affair

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s1) ◽  
pp. s215-s239
Author(s):  
A.I. Silver
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
English Canada ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
The Real ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
Made In

That Louis Riel was hanged because of the influence of Ontario fanaticism is a very familiar notion, and one that French Canadians believed in from the beginning. They thought the real grievances of the Metis were extenuating circumstances in his favour, and that, because he was insane, he could not be considered guilty of a crime. Normally, a man would not be hanged in such conditions. The exception made in his case could only be explained by bigoted hatred of his French race and Catholic religion. Moreover, it was the “fanatisme bête de la province d’Ontario” that was responsible for the injustice. This view is still current. French-language press, community leaders, and historians still speak of Riel as victim of “préjugés anglais,” “fanatisme orangiste,” or the “fanatisme … de l’Ontario.” And, English Canada has generally adopted the same interpretation.

scholarly journals John Stuart Mill and the liberal idea of Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Graeme Garrard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
North American ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
French Canada ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Publicly Supported ◽  
British North American ◽  
Liberal Imperialism

The writer and politician John Stuart Mill played an important role in the two greatest constitutional moments of nineteenth-century Canada: he publicly supported Lord Durham’s 1838 report on Canada and he voted for the British North American Act (1867) that formed the Dominion of Canada. Mill had a part, in his own mind an important part, in Canada’s evolution from colony to self-governing dominion. I argue that his attitude to Canada was broadly consistent across these three decades and was consistent with his principled defence of liberal imperialism. But it was complicated by Mill’s relatively low opinion of the French Canadians who, he thought, lagged behind the rest of Canada in their development. That is why Mill supported Durham’s recommendation that they be assimilated into the English-speaking mainstream. I conclude that French Canada exposed the limits of Mill’s form of liberalism, which gave priority to the ‘civilising’ imperative over cultural diversity. And it remains questionable just how capacious Millian liberalism really is in accommodating cultural diversity.

Conflict and Financial Scandal on History, Culture, and Politic

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 20628-20638
Author(s):  
Anik Yuesti ◽  
I Made Dwi Adnyana
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Scandals ◽  
Financial Transparency ◽  
The Church ◽  
Transparency And Accountability

One of the things that are often highlighted in the world of spirituality is a matter of sexual scandal. But lately, the focus of the spiritual world is financial transparency and accountability. Financial scandals began to arise in the Church, as was the case in the Protestant Christian Church of Bukti Doa Nusa Dua Congregation in Bali. The scandal involved clergy and even some church leaders. This study aims to describe how the conflict occurred because of financial scandals in the Church. The method used in this study is the Ontic dialectic. Based on this research, the conflict in the Bukit Doa Church is a conflict caused by an internal financial scandal. The scandal resulted in fairly widespread conflict in the various lines of the organization. It led to the issuance of the Dismissal Decrees of the church pastor and also one of the members of Financial Supervisory Council. This conflict has also resulted in the leadership of the church had violated human rights. Source of conflict is not resolved in a fair, but more concerned with political interests and groups. Thus, the source of the problem is still attached to its original place.

Lived Catholicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Kirch
Keyword(s):  
Pope Francis ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Church

Both Pope Francis and Robert Schreiter recognize that the world has been profoundly affected by conflict, globalization, and the breakdown of relationships on multiple levels. They also assert that the Church must address these situations. The ecclesiologies of both Schreiter and Francis offer effective tools for this work. This article will examine several key, shared concepts within their ecclesiologies. Specifically, their understandings of the missionary nature of the Church and their robust understanding of catholicity prove to be key concepts in the Church's response to a world marred by sin.

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