Urban Planning, Built Environment, and the Structure of Cities

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-135
Author(s):  
Benjamin Fraser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Form ◽  
Urban Decay ◽  
French Author ◽  
Planning Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Master Builder

This chapter analyzes a group of comics in which the large-scale machinations of urban planning culture have negatively impacted the life of city dwellers. Norwegian artist Hariton Pushwagner’s Soft City indulges in the social alienation that results from the linear monotony of the metropolis. The tyranny of urban planning is dramatized in Samaris by Belgian creators Benoît Peeters and François Schuiten. Dead Memory by French creator Marc-Antoine Mathieu takes the spontaneous appearance of walls in the city as an impetus to play with themes of spatial form, memory, and language loss. Two final comics juxtapose the top-down method of urban planning with the experience of the city’s built environment at the scale of the individual: Robert Moses: The Master Builder of New York City by French author and illustrator Pierre Christin and Olivier Balez and American Ben Katchor’s collection Cheap Novelties: The Pleasures of Urban Decay.

scholarly journals A New Data-Enabled Intelligence Framework for Evaluating Urban Space Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Haohao Ji ◽  
Linbo Qing ◽  
Longmei Han ◽  
Zhengyong Wang ◽  
Yongqiang Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Visual Elements ◽  
Human Perceptions

The urban environment has a great impact on the wellbeing of citizens and it is of great significance to understand how citizens perceive and evaluate places in a large scale urban region and to provide scientific evidence to support human-centered urban planning with a better urban environment. Existing studies for assessing urban perception have primarily relied on low efficiency methods, which also result in low evaluation accuracy. Furthermore, there lacks a sophisticated understanding on how to correlate the urban perception with the built environment and other socio-economic data, which limits their applications in supporting urban planning. In this study, a new data-enabled intelligence framework for evaluating human perceptions of urban space is proposed. Specifically, a novel classification-then-regression strategy based on a deep convolutional neural network and a random-forest algorithm is proposed. The proposed approach has been applied to evaluate the perceptions of Beijing and Chengdu against six perceptual criteria. Meanwhile, multi-source data were employed to investigate the associations between human perceptions and the indicators for the built environment and socio-economic data including visual elements, facility attributes and socio-economic indicators. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can effectively evaluate urban perceptions. The associations between urban perceptions and the visual elements, facility attributes and a socio-economic dimension have also been identified, which can provide substantial inputs to guide the urban planning for a better urban space.

scholarly journals Facilitating Circular Economy in Urban Planning

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Remøy ◽  
Alexander Wandl ◽  
Denis Ceric ◽  
Arjan Van Timmeren
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Management Options ◽  
First Results ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
Impact Simulations

A shift towards a more Circular Economy is crucial to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive built environment that meets future demands. Circular Economy is a promising concept for industry and society. If implemented well, Circular Economy can deliver environmental benefits and economic advantages for which innovation is essential. To achieve a resource-efficient built environment the Circular Economy should be developed and implemented systemically and on a large scale, going beyond cities. To realise this, local authorities, citizens, and other stakeholders need a collaborative and science-informed decision environment that allows for developing different waste and resource management options, and assessing their impacts on the environment, resilience, spatial quality and quality of life. The articles in this special issue all discuss different aspects of research to deliver solutions and strategies for a circular economy in urban planning throughout Europe, focusing on peri-urban locations. The first rticle introduces Living Labs as a methodology to co-create circular solutions and strategies with local stakeholders. The second article focuses on governance for the shift towards a Circular Economy, unravelling hindrances and revealing objectives, whereas the third article develops a means to transfer circular strategies and solutions from one location to another. The fourth article presents an open-source tool based on the geodesign approach which links the co-creation of design proposals to impact simulations informed by geographic contexts, systems thinking, and digital technology—the Geodesign Decision Support Environment. Finally, the fifth article presents the first results of incorporating the concept of Circular Economy in an integrative manner in urban design and planning courses.

scholarly journals Contemporary Challenges in Planning for Shrinkage of Historic Places: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Sarmīte Barvika ◽  
Edgars Bondars ◽  
Santa Bondare
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
21St Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Urban Decay ◽  
Asian Cities

Abstract Urban shrinkage is among of the most dangerous current risks for the preservation of liveability (e.g. residential function) in formerly prosperous historical residential and industrial districts. The planning for shrinkage emerged only in the 21st century in order to manage and prevent growing urban decay, depopulation and housing crisis through the application of smart structural adjustment policies and planning instruments for formerly heavily industrialised North American and Asian cities. Both shrinkage and liveability planning are still very “fuzzy” concepts and have been applied in ways that are not always consistent (e.g. for measuring decline, migration, demographics). However, remains the question of what (methods or approaches) would prevent (control) this well-known but evidently “wicked” and still less explored phenomenon of “loss of liveability” in a historical built environment. This paper aims to review the urban shrinkage and liveability problematic and prevention solutions (methods) based on studies of theory and practice of urban planning.

The Case for Municipal Surgery

Dying City ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tochterman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Master Builder ◽  
Magazine Articles ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the popular writings of New York City’s master builder Robert Moses. In newspaper and magazine articles Moses framed the need for slum clearance and redevelopment through the lens of the dying city, labelling slums a cancer that could kill New York. Thus, he employed fear to allow room for his technocratic experts to remake the city on a large scale.

scholarly journals Identities as Enabling Conditions of Sustainability Practices in Urban Planning: A Critical Realist Exploration with Planners in England

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Niamh Murtagh ◽  
Nezhapi-Dellé Odeleye ◽  
Christopher Maidment
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Sustainability Practices ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual

The case has been made in reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the crucial role of the built environment in mitigating the worst excesses of a warming global climate. Urban planners are essential actors in delivering a sustainable built environment. Alongside macro influences such as policy, practices in urban planning are influenced by underlying mechanisms at the level of the individual. Adopting a Bhaskarian critical realist approach, in this study we examined enabling conditions of sustainability practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 planners in England with at least seven years’ experience. The analysis found evidence from the planners’ experience of tensions between the three strands of sustainability, and of practices which could be understood from theoretical perspectives of collaboration/consensus, dissensus and pursuit of specific outcomes. A professional commitment towards a better environment appeared to be a generative mechanism for sustainability practices and underlying conditions included professional identity, identity as a public sector worker, organisational and team identities, and personal commitment. Constraining conditions were found to include stakeholder and political pressure and weak policy. The findings suggest points of leverage for the professional body, local authorities and planners themselves, in order to strengthen sustainability practices and potentially lead to transformation.

Models, Practices and Methods of Reading: Evolution in Time and Space

2009 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Yulia P. Melentyeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
National Program ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Individual

In recent years as public in general and specialist have been showing big interest to the matters of reading. According to discussion and launch of the “Support and Development of Reading National Program”, many Russian libraries are organizing the large-scale events like marathons, lecture cycles, bibliographic trainings etc. which should draw attention of different social groups to reading. The individual forms of attraction to reading are used much rare. To author’s mind the main reason of such an issue has to be the lack of information about forms and methods of attraction to reading.

Do elite soccer players cover longer distance when losing? Differences between attackers and defenders

2020 ◽  
pp. 174795412098227
Author(s):  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
Anton Kalén ◽  
Miguel Lorenzo-Martinez ◽  
Roberto López-Del Campo ◽  
Ricardo Resta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Score Line

This study aimed to evaluate the effects playing position, match location (home or away), quality of opposition (strong or weak), effective playing time (total time minus stoppages), and score-line on physical match performance in professional soccer players using a large-scale analysis. A total of 10,739 individual match observations of outfield players competing in the Spanish La Liga during the 2018–2019 season were recorded using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). The players were classified into five positions (central defenders, players = 94; external defenders, players = 82; central midfielders, players = 101; external midfielders, players = 72; and forwards, players = 67) and the following match running performance categories were considered: total distance covered, low-speed running (LSR) distance (0–14 km · h−1), medium-speed running (MSR) distance (14–21 km · h−1), high-speed running (HSR) distance (>21 km · h−1), very HSR (VHSR) distance (21–24 km · h−1), sprint distance (>24 km · h−1) Overall, match running performance was highly dependent on situational variables, especially the score-line condition (winning, drawing, losing). Moreover, the score-line affected players running performance differently depending on their playing position. Losing status increased the total distance and the distance covered at MSR, HSR, VHSR and Sprint by defenders, while attacking players showed the opposite trend. These findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of situational variables on physical performance in La Liga and could be used to develop a model for predicting the physical activity profile in competition.

scholarly journals Urban Policies and Large Projects in Central City Areas: The Example of Madrid (Spain)

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Dolores Brandis García
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central City ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Policies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The City

Since the late 20th century major, European cities have exhibited large projects driven by neoliberal urban planning policies whose aim is to enhance their position on the global market. By locating these projects in central city areas, they also heighten and reinforce their privileged situation within the city as a whole, thus contributing to deepening the centre–periphery rift. The starting point for this study is the significance and scope of large projects in metropolitan cities’ urban planning agendas since the final decade of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the correlation between the various opposing conservative and progressive urban policies, and the projects put forward, for the city of Madrid. A study of documentary sources and the strategies deployed by public and private agents are interpreted in the light of a process during which the city has had a succession of alternating governments defending opposing urban development models. This analysis allows us to conclude that the predominant large-scale projects proposed under conservative policies have contributed to deepening the centre–periphery rift appreciated in the city.

scholarly journals A large-scale retrospective study of opioid poisoning in New York State with implications for targeted interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Wei Hou ◽  
Sina Rashidian ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Xia Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New York State ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
York State ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Zip Code

AbstractOpioid overdose related deaths have increased dramatically in recent years. Combating the opioid epidemic requires better understanding of the epidemiology of opioid poisoning (OP). To discover trends and patterns of opioid poisoning and the demographic and regional disparities, we analyzed large scale patient visits data in New York State (NYS). Demographic, spatial, temporal and correlation analyses were performed for all OP patients extracted from the claims data in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) from 2010 to 2016, along with Decennial US Census and American Community Survey zip code level data. 58,481 patients with at least one OP diagnosis and a valid NYS zip code address were included. Main outcome and measures include OP patient counts and rates per 100,000 population, patient level factors (gender, age, race and ethnicity, residential zip code), and zip code level social demographic factors. The results showed that the OP rate increased by 364.6%, and by 741.5% for the age group > 65 years. There were wide disparities among groups by race and ethnicity on rates and age distributions of OP. Heroin and non-heroin based OP rates demonstrated distinct temporal trends as well as major geospatial variation. The findings highlighted strong demographic disparity of OP patients, evolving patterns and substantial geospatial variation.

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