scholarly journals Immunological predictors of type 1 diabetes mellitus (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
K. G. Korneva ◽  
L. G. Strongin ◽  
V. E. Zagainov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency due β-cell destruction and following hyperglycaemia. Specific markers of T1DM are pancreatic islet-targeting autoantibodies that are found months to years before symptom onset, and can be used to identify individuals who are at risk of developing T1DM.Aim: The study is aimed at the review of current knowledge of diabetes-related autoantibodies as biomarkers of T1DM.Materials and methods: Foreign and national clinical studies on this topic were included. PubMed, Medline and ­eLibrary were searched.Results: Modern ideas about known diabetes-specific autoantibodies as markers of autoimmune inflammation of β-cells of the pancreas were discussed. The analysis of their independent diagnostic value in predicting the occurrence of T1DM were carried out.Conclusion: There is no unified concept in the literature on this issue. Current data on autoantibodies in T1DM show a ­significant individual variability in the timing, dynamic changes and autoantibody composition in T1DM progression.

scholarly journals Micro-RNA Implications in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12165
Author(s):  
Kosmas Margaritis ◽  
Georgia Margioula-Siarkou ◽  
Styliani Giza ◽  
Eleni P. Kotanidou ◽  
Vasiliki Regina Tsinopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Micro Rnas

Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most well-defined and complex metabolic disorders, characterized by hyperglycemia, with a constantly increasing incidence in children and adolescents. While current knowledge regarding the molecules related to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of T1DM is vast, the discovery of new molecules, such as micro ribonucleic acids (micro-RNAs, miRNAs), as well as their interactions with T1DM, has spurred novel prospects in the diagnosis of the disease. This review aims at summarizing current knowledge regarding miRNAs’ biosynthesis and action pathways and their role as gene expression regulators in T1DM. MiRNAs follow a complex biosynthesis pathway, including cleaving and transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. After assembly of their final form, they inhibit translation or cause messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, resulting in the obstruction of protein synthesis. Many studies have reported miRNA involvement in T1DM pathogenesis, mainly through interference with pancreatic b-cell function, insulin production and secretion. They are also found to contribute to β-cell destruction, as they aid in the production of autoreactive agents. Due to their elevated accumulation in various biological specimens, as well as their involvement in T1DM pathogenesis, their role as biomarkers in early preclinical T1DM diagnosis is widely hypothesized, with future studies concerning their diagnostic value deemed a necessity.

scholarly journals Autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: same pathogenesis; new perspective?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 204201882095832
Author(s):  
Liyan Li ◽  
Shudong Liu ◽  
Junxia Yu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are two common autoimmune diseases that can occur concomitantly. In general, patients with diabetes have a high risk of AITD. It has been proposed that a complex genetic basis together with multiple nongenetic factors make a variable contribution to the pathogenesis of T1DM and AITD. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge in the field regarding potential pathogenic factors of T1DM and AITD, including human leukocyte antigen, autoimmune regulator, lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase, forkhead box protein P3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen, infection, vitamin D deficiency, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand. These findings offer an insight into future immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals Slowly Progressive Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 12 ◽  
pp. 2461-2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Nishimura ◽  
Kimio Matsumura ◽  
Shota Kikuno ◽  
Kaoru Nagasawa ◽  
Minoru Okubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Progressive Type

The dynamic changes of zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies in Czech children from the onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Petruzelkova ◽  
R. Ananieva-Jordanova ◽  
J. Vcelakova ◽  
Z. Vesely ◽  
K. Stechova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Zinc Transporter ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Zinc Transporter 8

scholarly journals Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in humans

2007 ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
D Kantárová ◽  
M Buc
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Genetically Determined

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1A) is an autoimmune disease belonging to the most frequent chronic diseases of the childhood and young adults. DM 1A results from immune-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. It is a genetically determined disease and many genes or genetic regions were found to be associated with its induction. In addition to the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 1 (IDDM1) gene, which marks the HLA region, and IDDM2 which marks the insulin gene, significant associations of DM 1A to other IDMM genes or genetic regions we reported. We shortly review recent achievements in the field, and the state of current knowledge.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Management of Cardiovascular Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1798
Author(s):  
Cristina Colom ◽  
Anna Rull ◽  
José Luis Sanchez-Quesada ◽  
Antonio Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains high even in T1DM patients with good metabolic control. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood and known risk factors seem to operate differently in T1DM and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, evidence of cardiovascular risk assessment and management in T1DM patients often is extrapolated from studies on T2DM patients or the general population. In this review, we examine the existing literature about the prevalence of clinical and subclinical CVD, as well as current knowledge about potential risk factors involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in T1DM patients. We also discuss current approaches to the stratification and therapeutic management of CVR in T1DM patients. Chronic hyperglycemia plays an important role, but it is likely that other potential factors are involved in increased atherosclerosis and CVD in T1DM patients. Evidence on the estimation of 10-year and lifetime risk of CVD, as well as the efficiency and age at which current cardiovascular medications should be initiated in young T1DM patients, is very limited and clearly insufficient to establish evidence-based therapeutic approaches to CVD management.

scholarly journals Emerging roles of rare and low-frequency genetic variants in type 1 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Haipeng Pang ◽  
Ying Xia ◽  
Shuoming Luo ◽  
Gan Huang ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Common Variants

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is defined as an autoimmune disorder and has enormous complexity and heterogeneity. Although its precise pathogenic mechanisms are obscure, this disease is widely acknowledged to be precipitated by environmental factors in individuals with genetic susceptibility. To date, the known susceptibility loci, which have mostly been identified by genome-wide association studies, can explain 80%–85% of the heritability of T1DM. Researchers believe that at least a part of its missing genetic component is caused by undetected rare and low-frequency variants. Most common variants have only small to modest effect sizes, which increases the difficulty of dissecting their functions and restricts their potential clinical application. Intriguingly, many studies have indicated that rare and low-frequency variants have larger effect sizes and play more significant roles in susceptibility to common diseases, including T1DM, than common variants do. Therefore, better recognition of rare and low-frequency variants is beneficial for revealing the genetic architecture of T1DM and for providing new and potent therapeutic targets for this disease. Here, we will discuss existing challenges as well as the great significance of this field and review current knowledge of the contributions of rare and low-frequency variants to T1DM.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation in Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Cerna
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Autoimmune Destruction ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Short Time

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells, a process in which autoreactive T cells play a pivotal role, and it is characterized by islet autoantibodies. Consequent hyperglycemia is requiring lifelong insulin replacement therapy. T1DM is caused by the interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors. The integrations of environments and genes occur via epigenetic regulations of the genome, which allow adaptation of organism to changing life conditions by alternation of gene expression. T1DM has increased several-fold over the past half century. Such a short time indicates involvement of environment factors and excludes genetic changes. This review summarizes the most current knowledge of epigenetic changes in that process leading to autoimmune diabetes mellitus.

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