Dorset Harpoon Endblade Hafting and Early Metal Use in the North American Arctic

Composite tool hafting research has touched upon almost every era and region of human history. One aspect that has seen little attention is how those traces of hafting strategies might reflect the raw material of the endblade that an organic handle would have held. This aspect is particularly important for clarifying the scope and scale of novel raw material use in contexts that have concurrent use of different lithic, bone, and metal materials. This article analyzes harpoon heads from the Canadian Arctic in Dorset cultural contexts and identifies three different hafting techniques employed across time. For roughly one millennium, Dorset groups used a single harpoon endblade hafting technique. After AD 500, new hafting techniques were developed, corresponding with the emergence of metal use. Some of these methods are not compatible with common chipped stone materials and signal an increase in metal endblade production. However, surviving metal objects are underrepresented in museum collections because of various taphonomic processes. By recognizing the materials of the harpoon endblade and the specific constraints of some hafting techniques, it is possible to identify what these endblade materials may have been and expand the known extent and intensity of early metal use by observing the hafts alone.

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Detecting Early Widespread Metal Use in the Eastern North American Arctic around AD 500–1300

American Antiquity ◽

10.1017/aaq.2020.46 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 111-132

Author(s):

Patrick C. Jolicoeur

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Interaction Networks ◽

Raw Material ◽

Intergroup Interaction ◽

Maximum Extent ◽

The North ◽

North American Arctic ◽

First Millennium ◽

Taphonomic Processes ◽

Excavation Methods

In the first millennium AD, peoples across the North American Arctic began to use and exchange metal. A group known as the Late Dorset (AD 500–1300) were the first to widely exchange metal in the Eastern Arctic. However, due to differential taphonomic processes and past excavation methods, metal objects in existing collections are rare although geographically widespread. This has led to metal being seen as a broadly exchanged but uncommon raw material among Late Dorset. This article expands the known scale of Late Dorset metal use by analyzing the blade slot thicknesses of bone and ivory objects from sites across the Eastern Arctic and comparing them to the thicknesses of associated lithic and metal endblades. These results demonstrate that Late Dorset used metal at least as frequently as stone for some activities. Given the few and geographically discrete sources, metal would have been exchanged over thousands of kilometers of fragmented Arctic landscape. The lack of similar evidence in earlier periods indicates intergroup interaction increases significantly with the Late Dorset. It is through these same vectors that knowledge and information would have flowed. Metal, consequently, represents the best material for understanding the maximum extent and intensity of their interaction networks.

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Northward ho! Obama, Diefenbaker and the North American Arctic

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247415000698 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 252-255

Author(s):

Klaus J. Dodds

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Aleutian Islands ◽

The Arctic ◽

Arctic Circle ◽

The North ◽

American President ◽

North American Arctic ◽

To Come ◽

Franklin Delano Roosevelt ◽

Lying Down

President Barrack Obama became, in September 2015, the first US president to travel north of the Arctic Circle. Having started his Alaskan itinerary in Anchorage, attending and speaking at a conference involving Secretary of State John Kerry and invited guests, the president travelled north to the small town of Kotzebue, a community of some 3000 people with the majority of inhabitants identifying as native American. Delivered to an audience in the local high school numbering around 1000, the 41st US president placed his visit within a longer presidential tradition of northern visitation: I did have my team look into what other Presidents have done when they visited Alaska. I’m not the first President to come to Alaska.Warren Harding spent more than two weeks here – which I would love to do. But I can't leave Congress alone that long. (Laughter.) Something might happen. When FDR visited – Franklin Delano Roosevelt – his opponents started a rumor that he left his dog, Fala, on the Aleutian Islands – and spent 20 million taxpayer dollars to send a destroyer to pick him up. Now, I’m astonished that anybody would make something up about a President. (Laughter.) But FDR did not take it lying down. He said, “I don't resent attacks, and my family doesn't resent attacks – but Fala does resent attacks. He's not been the same dog since.” (Laughter.) President Carter did some fishing when he visited. And I wouldn't mind coming back to Alaska to do some fly-fishing someday. You cannot see Alaska in three days. It's too big. It's too vast. It's too diverse. (Applause.) So I’m going to have to come back. I may not be President anymore, but hopefully I’d still get a pretty good reception. (Applause.) And just in case, I’ll bring Michelle, who I know will get a good reception. (Applause.) . . .. But there's one thing no American President has done before – and that's travel above the Arctic Circle. (Applause.) So I couldn't be prouder to be the first, and to spend some time with all of you (Obama 2015a).

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Predictors of invertebrate biomass and rate of advancement of invertebrate phenology across eight sites in the North American Arctic

Polar Biology ◽

10.1007/s00300-020-02781-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 237-257

Author(s):

Rebecca Shaftel ◽

Daniel J. Rinella ◽

Eunbi Kwon ◽

Stephen C. Brown ◽

H. River Gates ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prey Availability ◽

Population Level ◽

The Arctic ◽

Environmental Drivers ◽

Chick Survival ◽

The North ◽

Phenological Mismatch ◽

Nesting Sites ◽

North American Arctic

AbstractAverage annual temperatures in the Arctic increased by 2–3 °C during the second half of the twentieth century. Because shorebirds initiate northward migration to Arctic nesting sites based on cues at distant wintering grounds, climate-driven changes in the phenology of Arctic invertebrates may lead to a mismatch between the nutritional demands of shorebirds and the invertebrate prey essential for egg formation and subsequent chick survival. To explore the environmental drivers affecting invertebrate availability, we modeled the biomass of invertebrates captured in modified Malaise-pitfall traps over three summers at eight Arctic Shorebird Demographics Network sites as a function of accumulated degree-days and other weather variables. To assess climate-driven changes in invertebrate phenology, we used data from the nearest long-term weather stations to hindcast invertebrate availability over 63 summers, 1950–2012. Our results confirmed the importance of both accumulated and daily temperatures as predictors of invertebrate availability while also showing that wind speed negatively affected invertebrate availability at the majority of sites. Additionally, our results suggest that seasonal prey availability for Arctic shorebirds is occurring earlier and that the potential for trophic mismatch is greatest at the northernmost sites, where hindcast invertebrate phenology advanced by approximately 1–2.5 days per decade. Phenological mismatch could have long-term population-level effects on shorebird species that are unable to adjust their breeding schedules to the increasingly earlier invertebrate phenologies.

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Politics and Development in the North American Arctic

10.1108/9781800437166 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roman S. Czarny ◽

Magdalena Tomala ◽

Iwona Wrońska

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

The North ◽

North American Arctic

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The content of macronutrients in the raw material of medicinal plants cultivated in the North-West of the Russian Federation

Farmaciya (Pharmacy) ◽

10.29296/25419218-2021-08-03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

pp. 19-25

Author(s):

A.V. Klemper ◽

I.V. Gravel ◽

Yu.E. Generalova ◽

V.G. Luzhanin

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Raw Material ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

The Russian Federation

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Anaerobic treatment of residual lemon pulp in digesters with semi-continuous feed

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2012.587 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 514-520

Author(s):

A. R. Navarro ◽

Z. Lopez ◽

J. Salguero ◽

M. C. Maldonado

Keyword(s):

Industrial Waste ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

Comparative Tests ◽

Economic Problems ◽

The North ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Continuous Feed

Lemon growing areas in the north of Argentina have industries that produce concentrated juice, peel and essential oil and generate a significant amount of liquid and solid waste as lemon pulp. In Argentina, despite the potential applications that the pulp has as animal feed and human and industrial raw material, only 10% is used for these purposes and the rest is discarded into the environment causing many ecological and economic problems. There is little information in the literature on biotechnologies for the treatment of this industrial waste. This paper shows that lemon pulp is a suitable substrate to be treated by anaerobic digestion. We obtained 86 and 92% reduction of chemical oxygen demand in a digester with a semi-continuous feed and retention time of 10 and 20 days respectively and a productivity of 0.406 g CH4/g VS h. Comparative tests showed that pre-digesting the pulp improved the process of digestion and increased biogas generation by 20%.

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Organizational and technological features of the use of wood raw material obtained from intermediate felling in the beech forests of the Greater Caucasus

Forestry Engineering Journal ◽

10.12737/11277 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 197-206

Author(s):

Яхьяев ◽

Aydyn Yakhyaev ◽

Абиев ◽

Yusif Abiev

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Forest Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Resource Base ◽

Timber Industry ◽

Greater Caucasus ◽

The North ◽

Chip Technology ◽

North Eastern

In the farms of the north-eastern slope of the Greater Caucasus wood raw material obtained from intermediate felling, is not fully utilized and is not effective, due to the organizational and technical difficulties of farms. In addressing these issues in 8 directions of the region with a length of 40-50 km 14 intermediate assembly points were organized, which are intended for the collection and temporary storage of wood raw material harvested within a radius of 15-20 km of the forest. Need to establish assembly points is due to the complexity of relief items and the possibility of year-round use of the main roads of regional importance. To ensure uninterrupted timber industry and in full at the assembly point accumulated wood raw material is partially sorted. Processing of harvested wood raw material is planned for timber industry, located near the central region of the main road in the territory of Cuba town. Establishment in the area of the complex is considered justified, since the resource base in the coming years for intermediate, and later for the main use will be more than 100 thousand hectares of forests in the region. In the proposed area for the industrial complex for processing of raw wood there are all the technical and economic prerequisites. Accumulated in the assembly points wood raw material to the point of processing is transported using self-loading lumber carriers of up to 8 meters length, which is associated with a complex terrain conditions and road network in the region. This complex is planned to organize the following process areas: sawmills, parquet and packaging, small-chip technology, processing of technical greenery. In organizing the production sites size and quality characteristics and volumes of each category of harvested wood raw materials are taking into account, as well as the need for forest products in the region and the country as a whole. In the processes it is envisaged to use the most advanced modular processing of wood with the release of standard lumber, wood workpieces of different products, pulp chips, wood greens and products of its processing.

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Naked oat is promising raw material for deep grain processing

Agricultural science Euro-North-East ◽

10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.5.447-455 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 447-455

Author(s):

N. R. Andreev ◽

V. G. Goldstein ◽

L. P. Nosovskaya ◽

L. V. Adikaeva ◽

E. O. Golionko

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Starch Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Naked Oat ◽

Grain Processing ◽

North East ◽

The North

During the research conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute for Starch Products there has been developed a technological mode of using cellulolytic enzymes to reduce the viscosity of grain pulp obtained by grinding naked oat grains soaked in a sodium metabisulphite solution. As the experimental data had been processed, the optimum technological parameters of the process were determined: the consumption of the enzyme preparation Viscoferm was 200 g/t of grain and the dura-tion of fermentation by constant stirring for 2.5 hours at pH 4.6 and temperature 50°C. Under laboratory conditions there has been studied the possibility of starch processing of naked oat grain samples Vyatka, Percheron, 857h05, 766 h05 varieties grown in the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitsky. Technological assessment based on grain processing in the laboratory using the “plant on the table” method has shown that the yield of coarse-grained starch A in the processing of naked oat using cellulolytic enzymes is 51.4-53.9%, i.e. higher than that of filmy oats, rye Falenskaya 4 and Vyatka 2, wheat and triticale. Low starch content in fiber (7.7-8.7% dry substances DS of fiber) was found in comparison with the results obtained from the processing of filmy oats, Falenskaya and Vyatka 2 rye varieties, wheat and triticale (11.2 - 13.9% DS of fiber). Fiber output by the processing of naked oats is 7.3 - 8.8% DS of grain, by the processing of other types of grain 10.3 - 17.5% DS of grain. The yield of small-grain starch B in the processing of the studied varieties of naked oat is 19.2 - 20.8% DS of grain, that is higher than this value obtained by processing of filmy oats and wheat, but lower than by pro-cessing of rye and triticale. Isolated carbohydrate-protein concentrate, including starch B and proteins, is recommended for use with the extract and fiber as a component for the production of feed.

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