Electrical Resistivity of Conductive Leather and Influence of Air Temperature and Humidity

Leather is a material that has been used in different applications for centuries. Today, living in the era of high-tech¬nology, we are surrounded by smart products. For this reason, traditional products must be changed or im¬proved in order to support and make us more comfortable while using them. For instance, the touch screen display in electronics products is a smart phone’s or a tablet computer’s primary input device. Still, traditional leather will not function properly in a cold climate or other specific conditions. To make it conductive in such conditions, the double in-situ polymerization of the pyrrole coating method was used. The aim of this study was to observe the electrical properties of conductive leather. At the same time, it stands up to a wide range of different air temperatures, and relative and absolute humidity. These properties are essential because de¬signers and textile engineers should be familiar with them when they decide to use materials in different smart products. Electricity conductivity tests were carried out in year-round temperatures from 7.5 °C to 28.1 °C, with a relative humidity from 18% to 77% and a vapor air concentration from 2.77 g/kg to 12.46 g/kg. The so-called “multiple-step method” was used to test leather’s electrical resistivity for the first time. The method considers a material’s compressional properties and provides an indicator inherent for a material’s electrical properties, regardless of the mass and shape of samples. The results showed a strong dependence between water vapor air concentration and electrical resistivity, described using the formula ρ = 1.3103 H−1.04 Ωm, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. There was no relation between relative humidity and electrical resistivity, and resistivity and air temperature. Also, the results confirmed again that changes in the shape of the sample used during tests did not influence the measurement’s results, but supported the appropriateness of the measuring method.

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Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part II: the observed interaction of air velocity with temperature, humidity, sweat rate, and clothing is not captured by most heat stress indices

International Journal of Biometeorology ◽

10.1007/s00484-021-02212-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Josh Foster ◽

James W. Smallcombe ◽

Simon Hodder ◽

Ollie Jay ◽

Andreas D. Flouris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Empirical Study ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Physical Work ◽

Climate Index ◽

Physical Work Capacity ◽

Air Movement ◽

Wide Range ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

The Impact

Abstract Increasing air movement can alleviate or exacerbate occupational heat strain, but the impact is not well defined across a wide range of hot environments, with different clothing levels. Therefore, we combined a large empirical study with a physical model of human heat transfer to determine the climates where increased air movement (with electric fans) provides effective body cooling. The model allowed us to generate practical advice using a high-resolution matrix of temperature and humidity. The empirical study involved a total of 300 1-h work trials in a variety of environments (35, 40, 45, and 50 °C, with 20 up to 80% relative humidity) with and without simulated wind (3.5 vs 0.2 m∙s−1), and wearing either minimal clothing or a full body work coverall. Our data provides compelling evidence that the impact of fans is strongly determined by air temperature and humidity. When air temperature is ≥ 35 °C, fans are ineffective and potentially harmful when relative humidity is below 50%. Our simulated data also show the climates where high wind/fans are beneficial or harmful, considering heat acclimation, age, and wind speed. Using unified weather indices, the impact of air movement is well captured by the universal thermal climate index, but not by wet-bulb globe temperature and aspirated wet-bulb temperature. Overall, the data from this study can inform new guidance for major public and occupational health agencies, potentially maintaining health and productivity in a warming climate.

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31 years of hourly spatially distributed air temperature, humidity, and precipitation amount and phase from Reynolds Critical Zone Observatory

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-10-1197-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1197-1205 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patrick R. Kormos ◽

Danny G. Marks ◽

Mark S. Seyfried ◽

Scott C. Havens ◽

Andrew Hedrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Precipitation Amount ◽

Critical Zone ◽

Dew Point ◽

Elevation Gradients ◽

Wide Range ◽

Critical Zone Observatory ◽

Reynolds Creek ◽

Spatially Distributed

Abstract. Thirty-one years of spatially distributed air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, precipitation amount, and precipitation phase data are presented for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, which is part of the Critical Zone Observatory network. The air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation amount data are spatially distributed over a 10 m lidar-derived digital elevation model at an hourly time step using a detrended kriging algorithm. This 21 TB dataset covers a wide range of weather extremes in a mesoscale basin (238 km2) that encompasses the rain–snow transition zone and should find widespread application in earth science modeling communities. Spatial data allow for a more holistic analysis of basin means and elevation gradients, compared to weather station data measured at specific locations. Files are stored in the NetCDF file format, which allows for easy spatiotemporal averaging and/or subsetting. Data are made publicly available through an OPeNDAP-enabled THREDDS server hosted by Boise State University Libraries in support of the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory (https://doi.org/10.18122/B2B59V).

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The water intake of British Friesian cows on rations containing various forages

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100035170 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 181-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

M. E. Castle ◽

Thesca P. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Average Intake ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Mean ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk ◽

Friesian Cows

SummaryThe intake of drinking water of lactating British Friesian cows in 14 herds with a total of 840 animals was measured monthly from November to April inclusive. The intake of food, the air temperature and relative humidity were also recorded. The herds which mainly contained autumn-calved cows were managed under controlled commercial conditions.The average daily intake of drinking water was 49·9 (range 20·1 to 87·1) kg/cow for animals yielding an average of 16·8 kg milk/day in an environment with a mean temperature of 8·2°C and a relative humidity of 84·8%. The amount of water drunk daily was positively and significantly related to the mean daily milk yield and the drymatter content of the ration, but not significantly related to either the mean air temperature or the relative humidity. The average intake of water was 3·70 kg per kg of dry matter consumed after subtracting the amount of water in the milk. On average, 40·0% of the total daily intake of water was drunk between 15·00 and 21·00 hr.Behaviour studies of 24 hr duration on five herds showed that drinking time ranged from 2·0 to 7·8 min/cow per day, and the rate of drinking varied from 4·5 to 14·9 kg/min.Recommendations are made for the provision of drinking water for dairy cows being offered a wide range of forages under modern conditions of housing.

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Effect of Vegetation Structure on Urban Climate Mitigation

Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae ◽

10.2478/ahr-2020-0013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 60-65

Author(s):

Zdenka Rózová ◽

Ján Supuka ◽

Ján Klein ◽

Matej Jasenka ◽

Attila Tóth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Urban Climate ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Street Space ◽

Vegetation Stand ◽

The City ◽

City Park

AbstractVegetation formations are an important component in the urban structure, as they perform a wide range of ecosystem services there. The climate modification to improve the environmental and residential quality of the city is one of the important functions. The paper presents the results of the microclimate assessment in the chosen localities of Nitra town, Slovakia, with an emphasis on the stage and differences in air temperature and relative humidity. The climate elements were measured at 7 spatially different sites (sites A to G), each of them at two comparative sites, vegetation stand and open area. The largest average air temperature difference between the vegetation stand and the non-vegetation area was 1.2 °C at the locality D. The largest air temperature difference in the vegetation stands was measured between the street space (site E) and the city park (F), reaching 2.3–2.5 °C. The relative air humidity reached the highest differences between the park (locality F) and the street space (G) measured at 3:00–8:00. These reached 19.6% to 24.4% with higher relative humidity in the popular city park. The highest differences between the compared habitats were measured at locality G and averaged 9.6% at 04:00 – 07:00 in a preference to a tree canopy. The research results confirmed the importance of the vegetation structures in the process of mitigating the urban climate extremes and the environmental quality improving.

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A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak

10.20944/preprints202003.0325.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Md. Arifur Rahman ◽

Md. Golzar Hossain ◽

Atul Chandra Singha ◽

Md Sayeedul Islam ◽

Md Ariful Islam

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Weather Forecasting ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Infected People ◽

Online Databases ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

Minimum Number ◽

Environmental Air

The pandemic threat SARS-CoV-2 is now beyond control though the country of origin of this virus had already been limited for the new infection. Number of infected people and countries have been increasing day by day. Considering the previous pandemic flues, it is hypothesizing that COVID-19 will be reduced with warming the global environmental temperature. Therefore, the current study was aimed to analyze the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 confirmed cases of 31 different states in China and 70 cities of 11 countries were obtained from several online databases. The real time temperature and humidity of the respective regions were taken from an online weather forecasting data source. Correlation analyses showed that SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and spreading negatively correlated with temperature of most of the states of China or cities of the world or in a country. The effect of humidity on COVID-19 was found to be positively correlated inside the China and difference of humidity was not found among countries and/or various regions of the world. Moreover, a minimum number of COVID-19 cases have been confirmed in the temperate regions compared to regions/countries compared to regions/countries with relatively low temperature. In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has been found in a wide range of temperatures. It might be hypothesized that comparatively elevated air temperature could play a detrimental effect for SARS-CoV-2 spread.

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31 years of hourly spatially distributed air temperature, humidity, and precipitation amount and phase from Reynolds Critical Zone Observatory

Earth System Science Data Discussions ◽

10.5194/essd-2017-82 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patrick R. Kormos ◽

Danny G. Marks ◽

Mark S. Seyfried ◽

Scott C. Havens ◽

Andrew Hedrick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Precipitation Amount ◽

Critical Zone ◽

Dew Point ◽

Elevation Gradients ◽

Wide Range ◽

Critical Zone Observatory ◽

Reynolds Creek ◽

Spatially Distributed

Thirty one years of spatially distributed air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, precipitation amount, and precipitation phase data are presented for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, which is part of the Critical Zone Observatory network. The air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation amount data are spatially distributed over a 10&thinsp;m Lidar-derived digital elevation model at an hourly time step using a detrended kriging algorithm. This dataset covers a wide range of weather extremes in a mesoscale basin (237&thinsp;km2) that encompasses the rain-snow transition zone and should find widespread application in earth science modeling communities. Spatial data allows for a more holistic analysis of basin means and elevation gradients, compared to weather station data measured at specific locations. Files are stored in the NetCDF file format, which allows for easy spatiotemporal averaging and/or subsetting. Data are made publicly available through an OPeNDAP-enabled THREDDS server hosted by Boise State University Libraries in support of the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory (<a href="https://doi.org/doi:10.18122/B2B59V" target ="_blank">https://doi.org/10.18122/B2B59V</a>).

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A network of meteorological stations for monitoring climate change impacts and adaptation on urban and rural environments

10.5194/ems2021-327 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giannis Lemesios ◽

Gianna Kitsara ◽

Konstantinos V. Varotsos ◽

Basil Psiloglou ◽

Christos Giannakopoulos

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Climate Indices ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Wide Range

&#921;n the framework of two European Projects, the LIFE URBANPROOF and LIFE TERRACESCAPE, a network of 24 meteorological stations has been installed for recording meteorological parameters and climate indices for the monitoring of impacts of climate change on urban and agricultural areas as well as for the assessment of respective adaptation measures.Regarding the urban environment, the study aims to estimate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in the Greater Athens&#8217; Municipality of Peristeri, Greece, by analysing data from the meteorological stations installed (since January 2020) in different urban surroundings and investigating relative changes in surface temperatures and perceived thermal discomfort (HUMIDEX) thus identifying hot and cool spots at the local scale. The UHI mapping in the Municipality of Peristeri was designed and implemented in such a way, as to provide accurate information about heat stress conditions across different parts of the city. Fully automated sensors of air temperature and relative humidity were installed at eleven (11) sites throughout the municipality, covering a wide range of urban characteristics, such as densely populated areas, open spaces, municipal parks etc., where local climatic conditions were expected to show a degree of variation.As regards the rural environment, the study intends to estimate the anticipated changes of the micro-climate in the Aegean island of Andros, Greece after land-use interventions, which are considering the use of drystone terraces as green infrastructures resilient to climate change impacts. To that end, a network of 13 meteorological stations has been installed in selected rural areas of Andros since June 2018 for monitoring purposes. The thirteen meteorological stations, 12 small autonomous stations and 1 automated, currently operating on Andros Island continue (till now days) to generate baseline (micro-) climatic data, providing basic meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity. In addition, the valuable information, based on observational data from installed network of the meteorological stations, located either at currently abandoned terrace sites (project plots) or cultivated sites of Andros will be used to provide a solid basis for comparisons with changes projected for the future climate, combined with climatic indices which directly or indirectly affect agriculture in the monitoring areas.&#160;

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Influence of the Structure of Footwear Upper and Lining Materials on Their Electrical Properties

Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0011.5744 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2(128)) ◽

pp. 87-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Virginija Jankauskaitė ◽

Ada Gulbinienė ◽

Alvydas Kondratas ◽

Jurgita Domskienė ◽

Virginijus Urbelis

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Electrical Resistivity ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

High Humidity ◽

Static Electricity ◽

Acrylic Coating ◽

Polar Groups ◽

Coating Composition ◽

Natural And Synthetic

Protective footwear for occupational use conducts static electricity through the upper, linings, insole and outsole into the ground. Footwear must be made from appropriate material to reduce the possibility of electrocution and other electricity-related incidents. In this study the influence of footwear materials for the upper and lining components’ structure on their electrical properties was investigated. For investigations leather and various textile laminates were chosen. The thickness of leather coating, composition of textile laminates, the upper-lining system, and relative humidity of the environment on electrical resistivity changes were evaluated. Leather shows antistatic properties at standard humidity, but its electrical conductivity greatly increases at high humidity due to the presence of polar groups in the leather structure. Textile lining laminates composed of natural and synthetic fibres are insulators, but their systems with leather at high humidity show resistivity values close to antistatic materials. Leather acrylic coating decreases the electrical conductivity of materials.

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A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Sars-CoV-2 Outbreak

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.14.3.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 1705-1714

Author(s):

Md. Arifur Rahman ◽

Md. Golzar Hossain ◽

Atul Chandra Singha ◽

Md. Sayeedul Islam ◽

Md Ariful Islam

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Spread ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

The Relationship

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses causing mild to severe upper respiratory tract syndrome. Recent pandemic threat caused by SARS-CoV-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Whether the COVID-19 might be affected by warming global temperatures like some of previous pandemic flues. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The confirmed cases of COVID-19 in 31 different provinces in China and 274 provinces and/or countries were obtained from an online database. The real time temperature and humidity of the respective regions were taken from another online weather reporting data source. Spearman [R(s)] rank correlation was performed to identify the relationship between the variables (e.g., temperature, number of confirmed cases etc.). The overall spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in relations to temperature was inversely correlated. Among 29 of 31 provinces of China the overall correlation coeffient of the relationship between temperature and viral spread was negative [-R(s)] where in 15 provinces the correlation was at significant level (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship observed between the SARS-CoV-2 spreading and air temperature throughout the 274 provinces and/or countries of the world. However, there was no significant co-relationship between humidity and COVID-19 spreading either in China or among countries and/or various regions of the world. The SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to be spread in a wide range of temperature throughout the world. Thus, several factors including temperature, may influnce the SARS-CoV-2 spreading. As a results, relatively elevated air temperature could not completely prevent viral spread but it might be one of the important detrimental factors for SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread.

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In-situ electrical-resistivity measurements in the high-voltage electron microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100107484 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 68-69

Author(s):

W. E. King

Keyword(s):

Electrical Resistivity ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

High Voltage ◽

Resistivity Measurements ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽

High Voltage Electron ◽

Wide Range ◽

Helium Gas

A side-entry type, helium-temperature specimen stage that has the capability of in-situ electrical-resistivity measurements has been designed and developed for use in the AEI-EM7 1200-kV electron microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The electrical-resistivity measurements complement the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) to yield a unique opportunity to investigate defect production in metals by electron irradiation over a wide range of defect concentrations.A flow cryostat that uses helium gas as a coolant is employed to attain and maintain any specified temperature between 10 and 300 K. The helium gas coolant eliminates the vibrations that arise from boiling liquid helium and the temperature instabilities due to alternating heat-transfer mechanisms in the two-phase temperature regime (4.215 K). Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the liquid/gaseous helium transfer system. A liquid-gas mixture can be used for fast cooldown. The cold tip of the transfer tube is inserted coincident with the tilt axis of the specimen stage, and the end of the coolant flow tube is positioned without contact within the heat exchanger of the copper specimen block (Fig. 2).

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