scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Arifur Rahman ◽  
Md. Golzar Hossain ◽  
Atul Chandra Singha ◽  
Md Sayeedul Islam ◽  
Md Ariful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Environmental Air

The pandemic threat SARS-CoV-2 is now beyond control though the country of origin of this virus had already been limited for the new infection. Number of infected people and countries have been increasing day by day. Considering the previous pandemic flues, it is hypothesizing that COVID-19 will be reduced with warming the global environmental temperature. Therefore, the current study was aimed to analyze the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 confirmed cases of 31 different states in China and 70 cities of 11 countries were obtained from several online databases. The real time temperature and humidity of the respective regions were taken from an online weather forecasting data source. Correlation analyses showed that SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and spreading negatively correlated with temperature of most of the states of China or cities of the world or in a country. The effect of humidity on COVID-19 was found to be positively correlated inside the China and difference of humidity was not found among countries and/or various regions of the world. Moreover, a minimum number of COVID-19 cases have been confirmed in the temperate regions compared to regions/countries compared to regions/countries with relatively low temperature. In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has been found in a wide range of temperatures. It might be hypothesized that comparatively elevated air temperature could play a detrimental effect for SARS-CoV-2 spread.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Sars-CoV-2 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1705-1714
Author(s):  
Md. Arifur Rahman ◽  
Md. Golzar Hossain ◽  
Atul Chandra Singha ◽  
Md. Sayeedul Islam ◽  
Md Ariful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses causing mild to severe upper respiratory tract syndrome. Recent pandemic threat caused by SARS-CoV-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Whether the COVID-19 might be affected by warming global temperatures like some of previous pandemic flues. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The confirmed cases of COVID-19 in 31 different provinces in China and 274 provinces and/or countries were obtained from an online database. The real time temperature and humidity of the respective regions were taken from another online weather reporting data source. Spearman [R(s)] rank correlation was performed to identify the relationship between the variables (e.g., temperature, number of confirmed cases etc.). The overall spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in relations to temperature was inversely correlated. Among 29 of 31 provinces of China the overall correlation coeffient of the relationship between temperature and viral spread was negative [-R(s)] where in 15 provinces the correlation was at significant level (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship observed between the SARS-CoV-2 spreading and air temperature throughout the 274 provinces and/or countries of the world. However, there was no significant co-relationship between humidity and COVID-19 spreading either in China or among countries and/or various regions of the world. The SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to be spread in a wide range of temperature throughout the world. Thus, several factors including temperature, may influnce the SARS-CoV-2 spreading. As a results, relatively elevated air temperature could not completely prevent viral spread but it might be one of the important detrimental factors for SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread.

scholarly journals Uncertainties of Derived Dewpoint Temperature and Relative Humidity

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Lin ◽  
K. G. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Humidity Sensors ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Dewpoint Temperature ◽  
The World ◽  
Uncertainty Analyses

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of derived dewpoint temperature and derived relative humidity, in which the dewpoint temperature is calculated using measured ambient air temperature and measured relative humidity variables and the derived relative humidity is calculated from measured dewpoint temperature. The derived dewpoint temperature and relative humidity are calculated using algorithms provided by the World Meteorological Organization. The method of uncertainty analysis, provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, is applied to calculate the uncertainties of an indirect measurement of derived dewpoint temperature and derived relative humidity. The results from the uncertainty analyses of derived and observed variables suggest that the use of derived dewpoint temperature and derived relative humidity involves risk because the uncertainties of modern dewpoint temperature and relative humidity sensors can create several degrees Celsius of error in the derived dewpoint temperature and several percent in the derived relative humidity.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of heat on human physical work capacity; part II: the observed interaction of air velocity with temperature, humidity, sweat rate, and clothing is not captured by most heat stress indices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Foster ◽  
James W. Smallcombe ◽  
Simon Hodder ◽  
Ollie Jay ◽  
Andreas D. Flouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Physical Work Capacity ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Increasing air movement can alleviate or exacerbate occupational heat strain, but the impact is not well defined across a wide range of hot environments, with different clothing levels. Therefore, we combined a large empirical study with a physical model of human heat transfer to determine the climates where increased air movement (with electric fans) provides effective body cooling. The model allowed us to generate practical advice using a high-resolution matrix of temperature and humidity. The empirical study involved a total of 300 1-h work trials in a variety of environments (35, 40, 45, and 50 °C, with 20 up to 80% relative humidity) with and without simulated wind (3.5 vs 0.2 m∙s−1), and wearing either minimal clothing or a full body work coverall. Our data provides compelling evidence that the impact of fans is strongly determined by air temperature and humidity. When air temperature is ≥ 35 °C, fans are ineffective and potentially harmful when relative humidity is below 50%. Our simulated data also show the climates where high wind/fans are beneficial or harmful, considering heat acclimation, age, and wind speed. Using unified weather indices, the impact of air movement is well captured by the universal thermal climate index, but not by wet-bulb globe temperature and aspirated wet-bulb temperature. Overall, the data from this study can inform new guidance for major public and occupational health agencies, potentially maintaining health and productivity in a warming climate.

scholarly journals 31 years of hourly spatially distributed air temperature, humidity, and precipitation amount and phase from Reynolds Critical Zone Observatory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1197-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Kormos ◽  
Danny G. Marks ◽  
Mark S. Seyfried ◽  
Scott C. Havens ◽  
Andrew Hedrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Critical Zone ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Zone Observatory ◽  
Reynolds Creek ◽  
Spatially Distributed

Abstract. Thirty-one years of spatially distributed air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, precipitation amount, and precipitation phase data are presented for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, which is part of the Critical Zone Observatory network. The air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation amount data are spatially distributed over a 10 m lidar-derived digital elevation model at an hourly time step using a detrended kriging algorithm. This 21 TB dataset covers a wide range of weather extremes in a mesoscale basin (238 km2) that encompasses the rain–snow transition zone and should find widespread application in earth science modeling communities. Spatial data allow for a more holistic analysis of basin means and elevation gradients, compared to weather station data measured at specific locations. Files are stored in the NetCDF file format, which allows for easy spatiotemporal averaging and/or subsetting. Data are made publicly available through an OPeNDAP-enabled THREDDS server hosted by Boise State University Libraries in support of the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory (https://doi.org/10.18122/B2B59V).

scholarly journals Beware That COVID-19 Would Be Worse in Winter: A Study of a Global Panel of 1236 Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Hua Liao ◽  
Eric Strol ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Ru Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

It is believe that weather conditions such as temperature and humidity have effects on COVID-19 transmission. However, these effects are not clear due to the limited observations and difficulties in separating impacts of social distancing. COVID-19 data and social-economic features of 1236 regions in the world (1112 re-gions at the provincial level and 124 countries with small land area) were collected. A Large-scale satellite data was combined with these data with a regression analysis model to explore effects of temperature and relative humidity on COVID-19 spreading, as well as the possible transmission risk by seasonal cycles. The result show that temper-ature and relative humidity are shown to be negatively correlated with COVID-19 transmission throughout the world. Further, the effect of temperature and humidity is almost linear based on our samples, with uncertainty sur-rounding any nonlinear effects. Government intervention (e.g. lockdown policies) and lower population movement contributed to the decrease the new daily case ratio. The conclusions withstand several robustness checks, such as observation scales and maximum/minimum temperature. Weather conditions are not the decisive factor in COVID-19 transmission, in that government intervention as well as public awareness, could contribute to the miti-gation of the spreading of the virus. As temperature drops in winter, the transmission possibly speeds up again. It deserves a dynamic government policy to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in winter.

The water intake of British Friesian cows on rations containing various forages

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
Thesca P. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThe intake of drinking water of lactating British Friesian cows in 14 herds with a total of 840 animals was measured monthly from November to April inclusive. The intake of food, the air temperature and relative humidity were also recorded. The herds which mainly contained autumn-calved cows were managed under controlled commercial conditions.The average daily intake of drinking water was 49·9 (range 20·1 to 87·1) kg/cow for animals yielding an average of 16·8 kg milk/day in an environment with a mean temperature of 8·2°C and a relative humidity of 84·8%. The amount of water drunk daily was positively and significantly related to the mean daily milk yield and the drymatter content of the ration, but not significantly related to either the mean air temperature or the relative humidity. The average intake of water was 3·70 kg per kg of dry matter consumed after subtracting the amount of water in the milk. On average, 40·0% of the total daily intake of water was drunk between 15·00 and 21·00 hr.Behaviour studies of 24 hr duration on five herds showed that drinking time ranged from 2·0 to 7·8 min/cow per day, and the rate of drinking varied from 4·5 to 14·9 kg/min.Recommendations are made for the provision of drinking water for dairy cows being offered a wide range of forages under modern conditions of housing.

scholarly journals Electrical Resistivity of Conductive Leather and Influence of Air Temperature and Humidity

Tekstilec ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
Ilda Kazani ◽  
◽  
Majlinda Hylli ◽  
Pellumb Berberi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Smart Products ◽  
Wide Range

Leather is a material that has been used in different applications for centuries. Today, living in the era of high-tech¬nology, we are surrounded by smart products. For this reason, traditional products must be changed or im¬proved in order to support and make us more comfortable while using them. For instance, the touch screen display in electronics products is a smart phone’s or a tablet computer’s primary input device. Still, traditional leather will not function properly in a cold climate or other specific conditions. To make it conductive in such conditions, the double in-situ polymerization of the pyrrole coating method was used. The aim of this study was to observe the electrical properties of conductive leather. At the same time, it stands up to a wide range of different air temperatures, and relative and absolute humidity. These properties are essential because de¬signers and textile engineers should be familiar with them when they decide to use materials in different smart products. Electricity conductivity tests were carried out in year-round temperatures from 7.5 °C to 28.1 °C, with a relative humidity from 18% to 77% and a vapor air concentration from 2.77 g/kg to 12.46 g/kg. The so-called “multiple-step method” was used to test leather’s electrical resistivity for the first time. The method considers a material’s compressional properties and provides an indicator inherent for a material’s electrical properties, regardless of the mass and shape of samples. The results showed a strong dependence between water vapor air concentration and electrical resistivity, described using the formula ρ = 1.3103 H−1.04 Ωm, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. There was no relation between relative humidity and electrical resistivity, and resistivity and air temperature. Also, the results confirmed again that changes in the shape of the sample used during tests did not influence the measurement’s results, but supported the appropriateness of the measuring method.

scholarly journals Effect of Vegetation Structure on Urban Climate Mitigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Zdenka Rózová ◽  
Ján Supuka ◽  
Ján Klein ◽  
Matej Jasenka ◽  
Attila Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Street Space ◽  
Vegetation Stand ◽  
The City ◽  
City Park

AbstractVegetation formations are an important component in the urban structure, as they perform a wide range of ecosystem services there. The climate modification to improve the environmental and residential quality of the city is one of the important functions. The paper presents the results of the microclimate assessment in the chosen localities of Nitra town, Slovakia, with an emphasis on the stage and differences in air temperature and relative humidity. The climate elements were measured at 7 spatially different sites (sites A to G), each of them at two comparative sites, vegetation stand and open area. The largest average air temperature difference between the vegetation stand and the non-vegetation area was 1.2 °C at the locality D. The largest air temperature difference in the vegetation stands was measured between the street space (site E) and the city park (F), reaching 2.3–2.5 °C. The relative air humidity reached the highest differences between the park (locality F) and the street space (G) measured at 3:00–8:00. These reached 19.6% to 24.4% with higher relative humidity in the popular city park. The highest differences between the compared habitats were measured at locality G and averaged 9.6% at 04:00 – 07:00 in a preference to a tree canopy. The research results confirmed the importance of the vegetation structures in the process of mitigating the urban climate extremes and the environmental quality improving.

scholarly journals Assessment of integrated indoor environmental air quality parameters in selected church buildings of Faisalabad city: a statistical based comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-147
Author(s):  
Zahid Hussain ◽  
Kashif Alaf ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Hamza Kundi ◽  
Kashif Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Church Buildings

The objective of this study is to control the air quality parameters for a selected range of different particulate matters. A comprehensive experimental approach is established to regulate the quality of air about a selected range of different air pollutants being investigated in the indoor atmosphere of the church building. Relative humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, particulate matter and radon were considered as the factors of air quality extents. For establishing the association among the selected parameters, the data were mathematically analyzed. The correlation coefficient confirmed a strong relationship between the indoor CO2 level and the number of public. A negative relationship between the indoor CO2 extent and indoor temperature confirmed that due to the increase in temperature the concentration of CO2 decreased as well. A solid adverse connection among indoor relative humidity and indoor air temperature showed that due to the increase in air temperature, the level of the relative humidity decreased. Some recommendations were proposed for the treatment of air quality in church buildings for human well-being.

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Translocation of14C-Metriflufen in Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proximal Half ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Absorption and translocation of14C-metriflufen {2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} in johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68’] were evaluated under different environmental conditions. At 40% relative humidity (RH), an increase in air temperature from 18 to 35 C increased translocation of the14C in johnsongrass more than four-fold following application of14C-metriflufen to an area on the third leaf. At 100% RH, translocation of the14C was twice as great at 27 C as at 18 C, but translocation at 35 C was intermediate. In the combined analysis, translocation in johnsongrass was no better at 100% RH than at 40% RH. Regardless of level of RH, most translocation in johnsongrass at 18 and 27 C was toward the distal half of the treated leaf, but at 35 C most translocation was toward the proximal half of the treated leaf. Translocation of14C in soybeans increased more than four-fold as air temperature was increased from 18 C to 35 C, and more translocation occurred at 100% RH than at 40% RH at 18, 27, and 35 C. More than 80% of the14C-metriflufen remained in the treated leaf or on the surface of treated soybean leaves 48 h after application. More of the applied radioactivity was recovered from soybean plants than from johnsongrass plants.

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