scholarly journals Estimation of External Costs Using the Impact-Pathway-Approach

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
R. Friedrich ◽  
P. Bickel
Keyword(s):  
External Costs ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals External costs from fossil electricity generation: A review of the applied impact pathway approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Jorli ◽  
Steven Van Passel ◽  
Hossein Sadeghi Saghdel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews and compares 11 studies that have estimated external costs of fossil electricity generation by benefits transfer. These studies include 13 countries and most of these countries are developing countries. The impact pathway approach is applied to estimate the environmental impact arising from fossil fuel-fired power plant’s air emission and the related damages on human health. The estimated damages are used to value the monetary external costs from fossil fuel electricity generation. The estimated external costs in the 13 countries vary from 0.51 to 213.5 USD (2005) per MW h due to differences in fossil fuel quality, location, technology, and efficiency of power plants and additionally differences in assumptions, monetization values, and impact estimations. Accounting for these externalities can indicate the actual costs of fossil energy. The results can be applied by policy makers to take measures to avoid additional costs and to apply newer and cleaner energy sources. The described methods in the selected studies for estimating the external costs with respect to incomplete local data can be applied as a useful example for other developing countries.

scholarly journals The Health Impact and External Cost of Electricity Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8263
Author(s):  
Janusz Zyśk ◽  
Artur Wyrwa ◽  
Marcin Pluta ◽  
Tadeusz Olkuski ◽  
Wojciech Suwała ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
The Impact

The use of fossil fuels, which still dominate global primary energy consumption, results not only in emissions of greenhouse gas but also in emissions of pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and PM. Damage caused by air pollution can be expressed in monetary terms in the form of external costs to society. The goal of this paper is to answer the following questions: How much will the energy sector’s emissions change as a result of decarbonization? What is the estimated level of external costs related to human health in future energy scenarios? How large are the estimated external costs compared to the planned investments in this sector? The study conducted for the period 2018–2050 used the impact pathway approach and covered the centralized power and heat generation sector in Poland. The reported values of the concentration–response functions that relate human exposure to air pollution with health impact were reviewed. The results show that external costs decrease from an estimated annual level in the range of EUR 782–1911 million in 2018 to EUR 36–876 million in 2050. The cumulative value of avoided external costs between 2018 and 2050 is significantly lower than the planned capital expenditures in the energy sector in Poland.

How preferable and possible is management research-led teaching impact?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Wayne Mitchell ◽  
William S Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Faculty Research ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Research Excellence Framework ◽  
Is Management ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
Research Excellence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Despite some research-led teaching relying heavily on an individual’s research, we find very few impact cases studies from the United Kingdom’s research excellence framework 2014 which use this mechanism for impact. This article questions this absence, identifies problems and challenges of ignoring it and suggests recognising students as research translators to create change. Using research excellence framework 2014 as a case, we define research-led teaching and use Boyer’s scholarship of application as our pedagogical base arguing that ignoring this impact pathway is unjustifiable, demotivating and a missed opportunity which underrepresents the impact of management research. The article provokes new thinking on research-led teaching impact for faculty, research managers, universities and international impact assessment organisations.

scholarly journals Valuing environmental health for informed policy-making

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Máca ◽  
Jan Melichar ◽  
Milan Ščasný ◽  
Markéta Braun Kohlová
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Geographic Coverage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Impact Assessments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Monetized environmental health impact assessments help to better evaluate the environmental burden of a wide range of economic activities. Apart from the limitations and uncertainties in physical and biological science used in such assessments, assumptions taken from economic valuation may also substantially influence subsequent policy-making considerations. Aim: This study attempts to demonstrate the impact of normative policy assumptions on quantified external costs using a case study of recently discussed variants of future coal mining and use of extracted coal in electricity and heat generation in the Czech Republic. Methods: A bottom-up impact-pathway approach is used for quantification of external costs. Several policy perspectives are elaborated for aggregating impacts that differ in geographic coverage and in how valuation of quantified impacts is adjusted in a particular perspective. Results: We find that the fraction of monetized external impacts taken into policy-making considerations may vary according to choice of decision perspective up to a factor of 10. Conclusion: At present there are virtually no hard rules for defining geographical boundaries or adjusting values for a summation of monetized environmental impacts. We, however, stress that any rigorous external cost assessment should, for instance in a separate calculation, take account of impacts occurring beyond country borders.

The Impact Pathway Methodology

2001 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Rainer Friedrich ◽  
Peter Bickel
Keyword(s):  
Impact Pathway ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Estimating Human Health Impacts and Costs Due to Iranian Fossil Fuel Power Plant Emissions through the Impact Pathway Approach

Energies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Jorli ◽  
Steven Van Passel ◽  
Hossein Sadeghi ◽  
Alireza Nasseri ◽  
Lotfali Agheli
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Power Plant Emissions ◽  
Human Health Impacts ◽  
Fossil Fuel Power Plant ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
Plant Emissions ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF MICROFINANCE ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-236
Author(s):  
Prasansha Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Joint Liability ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
Poverty Lending ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to investigate theoretical background of microfinance and poverty alleviation. The article consist the two types of theories, which related to microfinance. First types of theories addresses the specific issues the poor have to face when seeking access to formal financial resources, due to the lack of collateral and second types of theories. The second set of theories are based on the impact of microfinance on small businesses, households and individuals. The first category of theories consist Theory relating to Emergence of Microfinance, Concept of Joint Liability Group in Microfinance. Theories of impact pathway of microfinance consist Theory on Shortcomings of Development Finance Strategies, Market and Welfare Theories, Poverty Lending Approach, Financial System Approach and5 Financial Integrated Approach

scholarly journals A Framework for Evidence-Based Decision Making in Large-Scale Food Fortification Programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1802-1802
Author(s):  
Valerie Friesen ◽  
Mduduzi Mbuya ◽  
Lynnette Neufeld ◽  
Frank T Weiringa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Program Design ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Impact Pathway ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Evidence Based Decision Making

Abstract Objectives The use of evidence on program performance and potential for impact for decision making in food fortification programs is limited and often done in isolation from other micronutrient interventions. We present a framework for fortification stakeholders responsible for making program recommendations and decisions to facilitate and document evidence-based decision making. Methods First, we reviewed the literature to define the key decision makers and decisions necessary for effective fortification program design and delivery, informed by a clear impact pathway. Then we classified decisions by domain, identified data sources and criteria for their assessment, and adapted the GRADE Evidence to Decision framework to summarize the results. Finally, we considered how the framework would apply to different country programs to test its utility. Results Policymakers, particularly government ministries, and the food producers themselves are the most important decision makers in a fortification program, while technical support agencies, donor agencies, and the research community play important roles in translating data and evidence into contextualized recommendations that meet the needs of different decision makers. The main fortification decision types were classified into five domains across the impact pathway: 1) program design (need, food vehicle(s)); 2) program delivery (compliance, quality, coverage); 3) program impact (nutrient intake and status); 4) overlapping micronutrient interventions and/or under-served populations; and 5) decisions to continue or stop programs. Important criteria for the assessment of each decision type included priority, benefits/risks, equity, acceptability, and feasibility among others. Country examples illustrated the importance of coordinating decision-making in the context of overlapping micronutrient interventions to ensure continued safety and impact over time. Conclusions This framework is a practical tool to enable evidence-based decision making by fortification stakeholders. Using evidence in a systematic and transparent way can enable more effective program design, delivery, and ultimately health impacts. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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