scholarly journals Program and Project Approaches to Solving Large-Scale Environmental Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Ya.D. Gelrud ◽  
◽  
E.B. Kibalov ◽  
V.Yu. Malov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Uncertainty Factor ◽  
Federal Program ◽  
Multicriteria Problem ◽  
Previous Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Environmental Projects

The article discusses the federal program “Ecology of the Angara-Yenisei region (AYR)”. The description of the systemic synthesis of different approaches to the assessment of the program of restoration and preservation of the natural complex of the Yenisei, as the skeletal basis of the ecological-assimilation potential of AEP is given. The necessity of taking into account the uncertainty factor when evaluating large-scale environmental projects is substantiated. Purpose of the study. Show that the effects of large-scale projects affect the very scenario of economic development, in this regard, it is incorrect to use the primitive integration of an alternative (strategy) into the same scenario, it is shown that it is necessary to evaluate the “project – scenario” relationship. Materials and methods. The authors propose to use three levels of assessment for evaluating large-scale projects: macro level, meso level and micro level. This classification allows you to gradually reduce the level of uncertainty. The information obtained at the previous level of assessment is the source for the lower level. Results. At the first stage, the judgments of the experts were processed using computer products developed at the IEIE. At the second step, the National Project “Ecology of Russia” was analyzed, consisting of 11 federal projects, and a mathematical model was developed for the multicriteria problem of optimal cost management of the project, taking into account the uncertainty factor. The result of the third step was the creation of a hybrid model for assessing large-scale environmental projects from a logical-heuristic model based on expert information and an economic-mathematical model. Analogs of such models, created with the participation of the authors, work in the evaluation of large-scale railway projects. This refers to a family of semi-dynamic optimization models, which have been tested to varying degrees in solving meso-level problems, both in planned and market economies. Moreover, on the basis of one of the versions of this family, a medical-ecological-economic model was developed, and with its help, a scenario analysis of the development of the subjects of the Asian part of Russia was carried out. Conclusion. The article provides a brief description of the functionality and the need to use the appropriate mathematical and software tools as the stages of large-scale projects progress from concept to implementation.

scholarly journals Qualitative study to understand the barriers to recruiting young people with cancer to BRIGHTLIGHT: a national cohort study in England

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e018291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Kenten ◽  
Ana Martins ◽  
Lorna A Fern ◽  
Faith Gibson ◽  
Sarah Lea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Micro Level

ObjectivesBRIGHTLIGHT is a national evaluation of cancer services for teenagers and young adults in England. Following challenges with recruitment, our aim was to understand more fully healthcare professionals’ perspectives of the challenges of recruiting young people to a low-risk observational study, and to provide guidance for future recruitment processes.DesignQualitative.SettingNational Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England.MethodsSemistructured telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 23 healthcare professionals. Participants included principal investigators/other staff recruiting into the BRIGHTLIGHT study. Data were analysed using framework analysis.ResultsThe emergent themes were linked to levels of research organisational management, described using the levels of social network analysis: micro-level (the individual; in this case the target population to be recruited—young people with cancer); meso-level (the organisation; refers to place of recruitment and people responsible for recruitment); and macro-level (the large-scale or global structure; refers to the wider research function of the NHS and associated policies). Study-related issues occurred across all three levels, which were influenced by the context of the study. At the meso-level, professionals’ perceptions of young people and communication between professionals generated age/cancer type silos, resulting in recruitment of either children or adults, but not both by the same team, and only in the cancer type the recruiting professional was aligned to. At the macro-level the main barrier was discordant configuration of a research service with a clinical service.ConclusionsThis study has identified significant barriers to recruitment mainly at the meso-level and macro-level, which are more challenging for research teams to influence. We suggest that interconnected whole-system changes are required to facilitate the success of interventions designed to improve recruitment. Interventions targeted at study design/management and the micro-level only may be less successful. We offer solutions to be considered by those involved at all levels of research for this population.

scholarly journals Young Children’s Belonging in Finnish Educational Settings: an Intersectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maija Puroila ◽  
Jaana Juutinen ◽  
Elina Viljamaa ◽  
Riikka Sirkko ◽  
Taina Kyrönlampi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Positional Power ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractThe study draws on a relational and intersectional approach to young children’s belonging in Finnish educational settings. Belonging is conceptualized as a multilevel, dynamic, and relationally constructed phenomenon. The aim of the study is to explore how children’s belonging is shaped in the intersections between macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of young children’s education in Finland. The data consist of educational policy documents and ethnographic material generated in educational programs for children aged birth to 8 years. A situational mapping framework is used to analyze and interpret the data across and within systems levels (macro-level; meso-level; and micro-level). The findings show that the landscape in which children’s belonging is shaped and the intersections across and within the levels are characterized by the tensions between similarities and differences, majority and minorities, continuity and change, authority and agency. Language used, practices enacted, and positional power emerge as the (re)sources through which children’s (un)belonging is actively produced.

scholarly journals Challenges to the validity of topic reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Held ◽  
Grit Laudel ◽  
Jochen Gläser
Keyword(s):  
Data Model ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Data Models ◽  
Bibliographic Coupling ◽  
Parameter Setting ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Resolution Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Model Algorithm

AbstractIn this paper we utilize an opportunity to construct ground truths for topics in the field of atomic, molecular and optical physics. Our research questions in this paper focus on (i) how to construct a ground truth for topics and (ii) the suitability of common algorithms applied to bibliometric networks to reconstruct these topics. We use the ground truths to test two data models (direct citation and bibliographic coupling) with two algorithms (the Leiden algorithm and the Infomap algorithm). Our results are discomforting: none of the four combinations leads to a consistent reconstruction of the ground truths. No combination of data model and algorithm simultaneously reconstructs all micro-level topics at any resolution level. Meso-level topics are not reconstructed at all. This suggests (a) that we are currently unable to predict which combination of data model, algorithm and parameter setting will adequately reconstruct which (types of) topics, and (b) that a combination of several data models, algorithms and parameter settings appears to be necessary to reconstruct all or most topics in a set of papers.

The prospects for pluralism in contract theory

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Zhong Xing Tan
Keyword(s):  
Contract Theory ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Micro Level

Abstract This paper explores the promise of pluralism in the realm of contract law. I begin by identifying and rejecting conceptual strategies adopted by monistic and dualistic approaches. Turning towards pluralism, I evaluate three versions in contemporary literature: pluralism across contracting spheres and types, pluralism through consensus and convergence, and pluralism through localised values-balancing and practical reasoning. I suggest embracing some pluralism about contract pluralism, by using these models to construct a framework of ‘meta-pluralism’, where at the macro-level, we are concerned with plural spheres of contracting activity; at the meso-level, a variety of trans-substantive interpretive concepts that receive some measure of juristic consensus; and at the micro-level, practical reasoning through particularistic analysis of case-specific considerations. I illustrate the meta-pluralistic framework through a case study on the varieties of specific performance, and explain how the proposed pluralistic framework enriches our understanding of the nature of contract.

scholarly journals Probabilistic downscaling of precipitation data in a subtropical mountain area: a two-step approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Haas ◽  
K. Born
Keyword(s):  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Investigation Area ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Mountain Environment

Abstract. In this study, a two-step probabilistic downscaling approach is introduced and evaluated. The method is exemplarily applied on precipitation observations in the subtropical mountain environment of the High Atlas in Morocco. The challenge is to deal with a complex terrain, heavily skewed precipitation distributions and a sparse amount of data, both spatial and temporal. In the first step of the approach, a transfer function between distributions of large-scale predictors and of local observations is derived. The aim is to forecast cumulative distribution functions with parameters from known data. In order to interpolate between sites, the second step applies multiple linear regression on distribution parameters of observed data using local topographic information. By combining both steps, a prediction at every point of the investigation area is achieved. Both steps and their combination are assessed by cross-validation and by splitting the available dataset into a trainings- and a validation-subset. Due to the estimated quantiles and probabilities of zero daily precipitation, this approach is found to be adequate for application even in areas with difficult topographic circumstances and low data availability.

scholarly journals Situační analýza a role diskurzů v sociálněvědním výzkumu

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Markéta Košatková
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into

The article introduces situation analysis (cf. Clarke 2005) as an epistemologicalontological basis for science freed of the positivistic paradigm. Situation analysis in a broader perspective dives into present discourses as well as discourses that have been concealed. At the meso-level, the analysis offers insight into social and discursive arenas formed by collective actors, key material elements, social organizations and institutions. At the micro-level it is aimed at the position of individual actors in a situation. Situational analysis provides multidimensional research resonating marginalized discourses and supports the everydayness of knowledge in a socially engaged, emic research of social reality. The focus on language constructions in the humanities allows for the re-definition of one’s own entities, formulas, and rules. Their (im)possible transgression is a necessary response to the accelerated and diverse shape of the recent globalized and particularized society.

scholarly journals Performance-Based Evaluation Metrics: Influence at the Macro, Meso, and Micro Level

2022 ◽  
pp. 173-201
Author(s):  
Gustaf Nelhans
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Bibliometric Indicators ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Performance Based Funding ◽  
National Performance ◽  
Representational Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Performance Based Evaluation

AbstractThis chapter aims to critically engage with the performative nature of bibliometric indicators and explores how they influence scholarly practice at the macro, meso, and individual levels. It begins with a comparison between two national performance-based funding systems in Sweden and Norway at the macro level, within universities at the meso level, down to the micro level where individual researchers must relate these incentives to knowledge building within their specialty. I argue that the common-sense “representational model of bibliometric indicators” is questionable in practice, since it cannot capture the qualities of research in any unambiguous way. Furthermore, a performative notion on scientometric indicators needs to be developed that takes into account the variability and uncertainty of the aspects of research that is to be evaluated.

Traffic Fuzzy Controller's Improvement Based on Self-Adaptive Optimal Algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 562-564 ◽  
pp. 1414-1417
Author(s):  
Zhi Yi Xu ◽  
Da Lu Guan ◽  
Ai Long Fan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Signal Control ◽  
Traffic Signal Control ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Large Scale Systems ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Self Adaptive

The transport system is a nonlinear, time-varying, lagging large-scale systems. Fuzzy control does not need to build a precise mathematical model, can be easily integrated people's thinking and experience, and is suitable for applications in the traffic signal control system. Here,a self-adaptive optimal algorithm was used to improve the traditional fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that the improved system has higher availability.

Tsunamis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tsunami Generation ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
Special Cases

This chapter describes a mathematical model of tsunami propagation (transient waves). A tsunami is a series of ocean waves triggered by large-scale disturbances of the ocean, including earthquakes, as well as landslides, volcanic eruptions, and meteorites. Tsunamis have very long wavelengths (typically hundreds of kilometers). They have also been called “tidal waves” or “seismic sea waves,” but both terms are misleading. The chapter first considers the boundary-value problem before modeling two special cases of tsunami generation, one due to an initial displacement on the free surface and the other due to tilting of the seafloor. It also discusses surface waves on deep water and how fast the wave energy propagates and concludes with an analysis of leading waves due to a transient disturbance.

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